Linguifex

Qtolqjimctadû: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Uvie (talk | contribs)
235 edits
Uvie (talk | contribs)
235 edits
 
(12 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 173: Line 173:
/χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).
/χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).
/ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.
/ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.
The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>), which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. But at the same time, it could indicate that it is not considered to be a trill, if there was knowledge that /r/ in IPA represents a proper trill. We'll assume the following :
/ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).
/ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).
/r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).
/r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).
Line 661: Line 662:
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.
====Intonation====
====Intonation====


Line 800: Line 804:
|}
|}


Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately after the subject pronoun, like in French : "êü kab ... " ''je me ...
''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Possessive pronouns
|+ Possessive pronouns
Line 866: Line 872:
| 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/
| 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/
| 1PL || -cÿcq /sɛsʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasɛsʃ/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/
| 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/
Line 895: Line 901:
|}
|}
Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.
Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.
The verb kalûaë, being a high frequency verb, also has contracted, less formal forms :
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Informal indicative present of kalûaë, "to be"
|-
! Person !! Kalûaë
|-
| 1SG || kaqni /kaʃni/
|-
| 2SG || kaqniî /kaʃnij/
|-
| 3SG || kaq /kaʃ/
|-
| 1PL || kacÿcq /kasɛsʃ/
|-
| 2PL || katts /kat/
|-
| 3PL || kame /kamə/
|-
| 2POLITE || kai /kai/
|}


====Participle====
====Participle====
Line 916: Line 944:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|+ Past participle
|-
|-
!  !! first group !! second group
!  !! first group !! second group
Line 1,009: Line 1,037:
*Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.
*Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.
*Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.
*Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.
===Derivational morphology===
====Adjectives====
Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.
Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.
====Nouns====
Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.
Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.
====Verbs====
Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
*Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :
"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
"I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.
Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".
*The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.
Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. 
Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.
Example :
"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
*Genitive phrase :
"My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.
(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".
"My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.
"Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
"This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
"Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.
Definite article + possessive pronoun.
"It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Qtolqjimctadû"