Qtolqjimctadû: Difference between revisions
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/χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>). | /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>). | ||
/ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/. | /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/. | ||
The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>), which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. But at the same time, it could indicate that it is not considered to be a trill, if there was knowledge that /r/ in IPA represents a proper trill. We'll assume the following : | |||
/ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]). | /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]). | ||
/r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>). | /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>). | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately after the subject pronoun, like in French : "êü kab ... " ''je me ... | |||
'' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Possessive pronouns | |+ Possessive pronouns | ||
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| 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/ | | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PL || -cÿcq / | | 1PL || -cÿcq /sɛsʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasɛsʃ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/ | | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case. | Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case. | ||
The verb kalûaë, being a high frequency verb, also has contracted, less formal forms : | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Informal indicative present of kalûaë, "to be" | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Kalûaë | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || kaqni /kaʃni/ | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || kaqniî /kaʃnij/ | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || kaq /kaʃ/ | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || kacÿcq /kasɛsʃ/ | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || katts /kat/ | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || kame /kamə/ | |||
|- | |||
| 2POLITE || kai /kai/ | |||
|} | |||
====Participle==== | ====Participle==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ Past participle | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! first group !! second group | ! !! first group !! second group | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
*Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order : | |||
"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke. | |||
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.) | |||
"I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni. | |||
Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be". | |||
*The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO. | |||
Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. | |||
Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine". | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after. | If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after. | ||
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Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.) | Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.) | ||
*Genitive phrase : | |||
"My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha. | |||
(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother". | |||
"My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa. | |||
"Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun. | |||
"This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa. | |||
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun. | |||
"Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa. | |||
Definite article + possessive pronoun. | |||
"It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa. | |||
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun. | |||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used. | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||