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Qtolqjimctadû: Difference between revisions

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/χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).
/χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).
/ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.
/ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.
The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>), which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. But at the same time, it could indicate that it is not considered to be a trill, if there was knowledge that /r/ in IPA represents a proper trill. We'll assume the following :
/ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).
/ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).
/r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).
/r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).
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|}
|}


Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately after the subject pronoun, like in French : "êü kab ... " ''je me ...
''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Possessive pronouns
|+ Possessive pronouns
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| 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/
| 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/
| 1PL || -cÿcq /sɛsʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasɛsʃ/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/
| 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/
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|}
|}
Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.
Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.
The verb kalûaë, being a high frequency verb, also has contracted, less formal forms :
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Informal indicative present of kalûaë, "to be"
|-
! Person !! Kalûaë
|-
| 1SG || kaqni /kaʃni/
|-
| 2SG || kaqniî /kaʃnij/
|-
| 3SG || kaq /kaʃ/
|-
| 1PL || kacÿcq /kasɛsʃ/
|-
| 2PL || katts /kat/
|-
| 3PL || kame /kamə/
|-
| 2POLITE || kai /kai/
|}


====Participle====
====Participle====
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|+ Past participle
|-
|-
!  !! first group !! second group
!  !! first group !! second group
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"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.
"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)


"I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.
"I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.
Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".
Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".


*The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.
*The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.
Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe.   
Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe.   
Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".
Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".


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Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
*Genitive phrase :
"My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.
(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".
"My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.
"Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
"This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
"Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.
Definite article + possessive pronoun.
"It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.


===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
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