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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. 
Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number.  
<!--Nouns have three genders in Qtolqjimctadû : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Genders are marked by the ending. Nouns that represent inanimate things are usually neutral, with masculine and feminine generally found in nouns that represent animate things. Some nouns can have all three genders (for example, male and female animal names are often built on the same underlying neutral form). Nouns also have two numbers : singular and plural. The plural is marked with a suffix that comes after any gender mark, while the singular is unmarked. The "dictionary" form when a given noun can have several genders is the singular neuter. Most nouns in the singular neuter end either with a <nowiki><e></nowiki> or with a consonant. The plural takes a different form depending on the ending of the word, in the singular neuter if applicable.-->
 
====Gender====
====Gender====
Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.
Earlier documentation mentions the existence of three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Neuter is said to be the gender of most nouns, which would indicate that it probably refers to non-animate things, while masculine and feminine are probably used for animate things.
 
According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ending in -e
|-
! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/
|-
| Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/
|-
| Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/
|}
 
According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.


====Definiteness====
====Definiteness====
Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :
Earlier documentation only mentions that there are definite articles, and that they agree with the noun they qualify. We can posit that definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which we can assume to agree in gender and number with the nouns.


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Definite and indefinite articles
|-
! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural
|-
| Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -
|-
| Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -
|-
|}
|}


====Number====
====Number====
There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.
Earlier documentation mentions number, but does not describe it. Most likely, there would an unmarked singular and a plural marked by a suffix.
Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table of plurals
|-
! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation
|-
| -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/
|-
| -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/
|-
| -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/
|-
| -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/
|-
| Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.
|}


====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
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| Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/
| Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/
|-
|-
| Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/
| Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || fae /fa/
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal reflexive pronouns
|-
! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun
|-
| 1SG || myself || kab /kab/
|-
| 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)
|-
| 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)
|-
| 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)
|-
| 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)
|-
| 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/
|-
| 2PL || yourselves || av /av/
|-
| 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/
|-
| 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/
|-
| 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Possessive pronouns
|-
! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural
|-
| 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/
|-
| 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/
|-
| 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/
|-
| 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/
|-
| 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/
|-
| 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/
|-
| 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/
|}


Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".
Possessive pronouns are mentioned, besides the possessive particle -dô, to express genitive. We can assume they agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".


===Verbs===
===Verbs===


There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized.  
There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. Verbs are conjugated by suffixing endings to the radical.


====Mood====
====Mood====
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=====Indicative=====
=====Indicative=====
The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods.  
The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods.  
=====Absolute=====
=====Absolute=====
The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q>
The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect.
 
=====Imperative=====
=====Imperative=====
The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional.  
The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness).  
 
=====Conditional=====
=====Conditional=====
The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.
The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes.  
 
====Tense====
====Tense====


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=====Present=====
=====Present=====
*In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.
*In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.
*In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.
*In the conditional mood, there is also one present, the conditional present.
*In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.
*In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.
=====Past=====
=====Past=====
*In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.
*In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of past : the so-called "general past" (''passé général''), which is meant to correspond to the French imperfect or simple past ; and the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), meant to correspond to the French simple past or ''passé composé'' (present perfect), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general past past and the past participle.
*In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive.  
*In the conditional mood, there is one past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present conditional followed with the past participle.
 
=====Future=====
=====Future=====
In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.
In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future and built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general future followed by the past participle.
 
=====Infinitive=====
 
The infinitive form of the verb, placed after the subject, is meant to correspond to the French subjunctive.
 
Placed after the present participle of the verb "to have", it expresses a continuing action (''Pour équivaloir l'idée de présent continu : français "être en train de..."'').
 
=====Negation=====
 
QtolqjimctadûB uses double negation :
 
Nott + subject + näo + verb
 
Example : Nott êü näo kaq, "I am not".


====Conjugation tables====
====Conjugation tables====
The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''
|+ Indicative present
|-
|-
! Person !! Ending !! Example
! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending
|-
|-
| 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/
| 1SG || -q / / || -e / /
|-
|-
| 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/
| 2SG || -s / / || -es / /
|-
|-
| 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/
| 3SG || -t / / || -e / /
|-
|-
| 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/
| 1PL || -w /j/ || -ew /əj/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/
| 2PL || -z / / || -ez / /
|-
|-
| 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/
| 3PL || -e / / || -et / /
|-
|-
| 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/
| 2POLITE || -nae /na/ || -ea /əa/
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''
|+ Indicative simple past
|-
|-
! Person !! Ending !! Example
! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending
|-
|-
| 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/
| 1SG || -qe /ʃ/ || -u /y/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/
| 2SG || -se /θ/ || -us /y/
|-
|-
| 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/
| 3SG || -tt /t/ || -ue /y/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/
| 1PL || -iw /ij/ || -uw /yj/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/
| 2PL || -ze /z/ || -uz /y/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/
| 3PL || -f /f/ || -ut /y/
|-
|-
| 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/
| 2POLITE || -naf /naf/ || -ua /ɥa/
|}
|}
Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.
====Participle====
=====Present participle=====
There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').
*Regular present participle :
It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.
Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".
*Substantival present participle :
It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.
Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".
Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"
Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".
=====Past participle=====


The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group.
The so-called "foregone past" is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general past past and the past participle of the verb.
Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.
The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Past participle
|+ Indicative simple future
|-
! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending
|-
|-
!  !! first group !! second group
| 1SG || -i /i/ || -i /i/
|-
|-
| Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/
| 2SG || -si /θi/ || -is /i/
|-
|-
| Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/
| 3SG || -itt /it/ || -ie /i/
|-
|-
| Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/
| 1PL || -wi /wi/ || -iw /ij/
|-
|-
| Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/
| 2PL || -zi /zi/ || -iz /i/
|-
|-
| Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/
| 3PL || -ie /i/ || -it /i/
|-
|-
| Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/
| 2POLITE || -naü /naj/ || -ia /ja/
|}
|}


Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.
The so-called "retrospective future" (future perfect) is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general future followed by the past participle of the verb.
 
===Adjectives===
 
Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective starts with a vowel
|+ Conditional present
|-
! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending
|-
|-
! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural
| 1SG || -rq /ʁ/ (or /ʁʃ? ?) || -re /ʁ/
|-
|-
| Neuter || - || es- /əθ/
| 2SG || -rs /ʁ/ (or /ʁθ/ ?) || -res /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)
|-
|-
| Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/
| 3SG || -rt /ʁ/ (or /ʁt/  || -re /ʁ/
|-
|-
| Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/
| 1PL || -rw /ʁj/ || -rew /ʁəj/
|-
| 2PL || -rz /ʁ/ (or /ʁz/ ?) || -rez /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)
|-
| 3PL || -re /ʁ/ || -ret /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)
|-
| 2POLITE || -rane /ʁan/ || -rea /ʁəa/
|}
|}
The conditional past is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present conditional followed with the past participle of the verb.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-
|+ Imperative
|-
! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending
|-
| 1SG || - (radical) || -e / /
|-
| 2SG || - (radical) || -es / / (or /ə/ ?)
|-
|-
! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural
| 3SG || -e / / || -t / /  
|-
|-
| Neuter || - || cs- /s/
| 1PL || -w /j/ || -ew /əj/
|-
|-
| Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/
| 2PL || -z / / || -ez / / (or /ə/ ?)
|-
|-
| Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/
| 3PL || -ee / / (or /ə/ ?) || -eet / / (or /ə/ ?)
|}
|}
 
There is no imperative form for the person of politeness.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k
|+ Absolute
|-
|-
! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural
! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending
|-
|-
| Neuter || - || hm- /hm/
| 1SG || -qae /ʃa/ || -ae /a/
|-
|-
| Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/
| 2SG || -sae /θa/ || -aes /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
|-
|-
| Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/
| 3SG || -tae /ta/ || -aee /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective starts with s-, r-
|-
|-
! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural
| 1PL || -awe /aj/ (or /awi/ ?) || -aew /aəj/
|-
|-
| Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/
| 2PL || -zae /za/ || -aez /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
|-
|-
| Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/
| 3PL || -eae /əa/ || -aet /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
|-
|-
| Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/
| 2POLITE || -anae || -aea /aəa/
|}
|}
====Participle====
=====Present participle=====
It is built by adding an ending to the radical of the verb : either -ëm /bɾəm/ (first group), or -end /ɑ̃/ (second group).
=====Past participle=====
The past participle is built by adding the ending -tç /te/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -e (unpronounced) to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group.
The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-
|+ Past participle
|-
!  !! first group !! second group
|-
|-
! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural
| Masculine singular || -tç /te/ || -e / /
|-
|-
| Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/
| Feminine singular || -tçe /te/ || -ee / /
|-
|-
| Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/
| Masculine plural || -tçs /te/ || -es / /
|-
|-
| Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/
| Feminine plural || -tçes /te/ || -ees / /
|}
|}
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
Line 944: Line 885:
Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc.  
Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc.  
*One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".
*One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".
*Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.
*Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''.  
*Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.
 
===Derivational morphology===
 
====Adjectives====
 
Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.
Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.
 
====Nouns====
Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.
Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.


====Verbs====
Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
*Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :


"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.
*The most common constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO, but can be flexible.
 
*Interrogative sentences are formed by inversing verb and subject (the subject cannot be omitted in this case).
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
 
"I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.
 
Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".
 
*The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.
Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. 
 
Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.
If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.
 
Example :
 
"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.


Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)


*Genitive phrase :
*Genitive phrase :


"My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.
"My mother" : (Article) êüdô maîha.


(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".
(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".


 
Alternatively, a possessive pronoun can be used.
"My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.
 
"Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
 
"This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.
 
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
 
"Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.
 
Definite article + possessive pronoun.
 
"It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.
 
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.


===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
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