QtolqjimctadûB

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial		Labio-dental		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal		m				n						ɲ		ŋ
Plosive		p b				t̚ t d̚ d								k g
Sibilant Fricative								s z		ʃ ʒ		ʃʲ / ç / ɕ
Non-sibilant Fricative		ɸ β		f v		θ ð		(ɬ / ɮ)		ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬				x		χ ʁ		h
Approximant								ɹ				j ɥ		w
Trill								(r)								ʀ
Flap								ɾ
Lateral approx.						l ɫ
Prenasalised occlusives														ᵑg

Notes :

In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :

Identified phonemes :
/ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).
/β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).
/ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).
/ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (sorte de « r » très roulé, written <RX, rx>).
/ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (sorte de « r » anglais, written <RÛ, rû>).
/ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (comme à la fin du mot anglais "well", written <Û, û>).
/χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).
/ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.
In QtolqjimctadûB, the letter <Ë, ë> is described as [br̺ə], but no other letter or grapheme seems to correspond to /r̺/ on its own, while the digraph <LÛ, lû> is described only as [r] (sorte de "r" roulé), with no reference to Japanese. We'll assume the following :
/ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə].
/r/ might have been what was described as [r] (sorte de « r » roulé, written <LÛ, lû>).
/ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö>).
/t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).
The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).

Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :
Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.
/ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (la pointe de la langue touche le palais et non les dents, written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.

Vowels

		Front		Central		Back
Close		i y		ɨ		u
Close-mid		e ø		ə		o
Open-mid		ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃				ɔ ɔ̃
Open				ä		ɑ̃

Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.

Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :

/œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <E, ù>).
/œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è>).
/ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).

Orthography

Orthography was made complicated on purpose.

Alphabet

A, a /a/
B, b /b/
C, c /s/
D, d /d/
E, e /ə/ ; E, ç /e/ ; E, ù /œ/ ; E, ÿ /ɛ/
F, f /f/
G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)
H, h /h/
Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.
I, i /i/
J, j /ʒ/
K, k /k/
L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)
M, m /m/
N, n /n/
O, o /o/ or /ɔ/
P, p /p/
Q, q /ʃ/
R, r /ʁ/
S, s /θ/
T, t /t/
U, u /y/
V, v /v/
W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)
X, x /χ/
Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/
Z, z /z/
Â, â /aj/
Ê, ê /ja/
Û, û /ɫ/
Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.
Ô, ô /o/
Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è /œ̃/
Ë, ë /bɾə/
Ü, ü /j/
Ï, ï /ɨ/
Ö, ö /ð/
Ã, ã /a/
Õ, õ /o/
Ñ, ñ /ɲ/

Spelling rules

Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).

Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.

The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.

There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.

Digraphs with <Î, î>

In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (épurés).

ÎF, îf /ɸ/
ÎV, îv /β/
ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/
ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/
ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/
ÎX, îx /x/
ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/

Trigraphs with <Î, î>

There is one such trigraph, also considered to be "purified".

ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/

Digraphs with <Û, û>

Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (mouillés) :

TÛ, tû /t̚/
QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])
DÛ, dû /d̚/

Others were not considered to be "wet" :

LÛ, lû /r/
HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/
RÛ, rû /ɹ/

=====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====
These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.
Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.
PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)
TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh>
JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)
BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)
DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)
SĦ/Sħ, sħ /ð/ (or <Shh, shh>)


=====Some more consonantal digraphs=====
RX, rx /ʀ/

=====Vocalic digraphs=====
<poem>
<EU/Eu, eu> [ø]
<OU/Ou, ou> [u]
<OE/Oe, oe> [ø]

Nasal vowels

Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :

<An, an> /ɑ̃/
<Am, am> /ɑ̃/
<En, en> /ɑ̃/
<Em, em> /ɑ̃/
<In, in> /ɛ̃/
<Im, im> /ɛ̃/
<Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/
<Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/
<On, on> /ɔ̃/
<Om, om> /ɔ̃/
<Un, un> /œ̃/
<Um, um> /œ̃/

However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.

Diphtongues

They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.

• Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :

They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :

<Ia, ia> [ja]
<Ie, ie> [jə]
<Iç, iç> [je]
<Iù, iù> [jœ]
<Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]
<Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]
<Iu, iu> [jy]
<Iô, iô> [jo]
<Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]
<Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]
<Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]
<Iè, iè> [jœ̃]
<Ii, ii> [ji]
<Iou, iou> [ju]
<Ieu, ieu> [jø]

However, there are a few exceptions :

ÜÃ, üã [ja]
ÜÕ, üõ [jo]

• Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :

They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :

<AÜ, aü> [aj]
<EÜ, eü> [əj]
<EÜ, çü> [ej]
<EÜ, ùü> [œj]
<EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]
<OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]
<UÜ, uü> [yj]
<ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]
<ÄÜ, äü> [ɑ̃j]
<ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]
<ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]
<ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]
<ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]
<ÕÜ, õü> [oj]
<EUÜ, euü> [øj]

There are also a few exceptions :

EÎ, eî [əj]
EÎ, çî [ej]
EÎ, ùî [œj]
EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]
IÎ, iî [ij]

• Diphtongues with /w/ :

These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :

<Oa, oa> [wa]
<Oe, oe> [wə]
<Oç, oç> [we]
<Où, où> [wœ]
<Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]
<Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]
<Oy, oy> [wy]
<Oô, oô> [wo]
<Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]
<Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]
<Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]
<Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)
<Oi, oi> [wi]
<Oeu, oeu> [wø]
And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).

There are however a few exceptions :

<Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/
<Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/
<OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/.

• Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :

UÎ, uî [ɥi]
Ui, ui [ɥi]
Ua, ua [ɥa]
Uç, uç [ɥe]
Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]

Triphtongues

They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :

ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]
ÜY, üy [jɔj]
ÊÜ, êü [jaj]
YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]
ÃÎ, ãî [aji]
ÕÎ, õî [oji]

Word-final position induced changes

The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position.

<g> /j/
<l> /j/
<w> /j/

There are some other special spellings :

<ebm> /ɛjm/
<ebn> /ɛjn/

Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word :

<e>
<ô>
<d>
<q>
<s>
<t>
<z>
<er>

Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes

		Bilabial		Labio-dental		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal		m <M, m>				n <N, n>						ɲ <Ñ, ñ>		ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ>
Plosive		p <P, p> ; b <B, b>				t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d>								k <K, k> ; g <G, g>
Sibilant Fricative								s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ>		ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <J, j> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ>		ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû>
Non-sibilant Fricative		ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv>		f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ>		θ <S, s> ; ð <Ö, ö> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ>		(ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)		ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö>				x <ÎX, îx>		χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r>		h <H, h>
Approximant								ɹ <RÛ, rû>				j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)		w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)
Trill								(r <LÛ, lû>)								ʀ <RX, rx>
Flap								(ɾ ?)
Lateral approx.						l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û>
Prenasalised occlusives														ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg>

		Front		Central		Back
Close		i <I, i> ; y <U, u>		ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï>		u <OU/Ou, ou>
Close-mid		e <E, ç> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe>		ə <E, e>		o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ>
Open-mid		ɛ <E, ÿ> ; œ <E, ù> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é> ; œ̃ <Ä, è>				ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à>
Open				ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã>		ɑ̃ <Ä, ä>

Prosody

Stress

There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.

Morphology

There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.

Nouns

Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number.

Gender

Earlier documentation mentions the existence of three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Neuter is said to be the gender of most nouns, which would indicate that it probably refers to non-animate things, while masculine and feminine are probably used for animate things.

Definiteness

Earlier documentation only mentions that there are definite articles, and that they agree with the noun they qualify. We can posit that definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which we can assume to agree in gender and number with the nouns.

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Number

Earlier documentation mentions number, but does not describe it. Most likely, there would an unmarked singular and a plural marked by a suffix.

Pronouns

Personal subject pronouns

Grammatical description	English translation	Pronoun
1SG	I	êü /jaj/
2SG	you	oü /oj/ or /ɔj/
3SG.masc	he	tag /taj/
3SG.fem	she	tal /taj/
3SG.impersonal	"man", "one"	tawi /tawi/
1PL	we	îhalÿn /xalɛn/
2PL	you	hiçve /hjev/
3PL.masc	they	tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)
3PL.fem	they	tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)
2POLITE	you	îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/

Demonstrative pronouns

Grammatical description	English translation	Pronoun
Singular demonstrative pronoun	this	fe /fə/
Plural demonstrative pronoun	these	fae /fa/

Possessive pronouns are mentioned, besides the possessive particle -dô, to express genitive. We can assume they agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".

Verbs

There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. Verbs are conjugated by suffixing endings to the radical.

Mood

There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic).

Indicative

The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods.

Absolute

The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect.

Imperative

The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness).

Conditional

The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes.

Tense

There are three main tenses : present, past and future.

Present

• In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.
• In the conditional mood, there is also one present, the conditional present.
• In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.

Past

• In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of past : the so-called "general past" (passé général), which is meant to correspond to the French imperfect or simple past ; and the so-called "foregone past" (passé révolu), meant to correspond to the French simple past or passé composé (present perfect), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general past past and the past participle.
• In the conditional mood, there is one past : the "past conditional" (conditionnel passé), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present conditional followed with the past participle.

Future

In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (futur général), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (futur rétrospectif), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (futur antérieur), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future and built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general future followed by the past participle.

Infinitive

The infinitive form of the verb, placed after the subject, is meant to correspond to the French subjunctive.

Placed after the present participle of the verb "to have", it expresses a continuing action (Pour équivaloir l'idée de présent continu : français "être en train de...").

Negation

QtolqjimctadûB uses double negation :

Nott + subject + näo + verb

Example : Nott êü näo kaq, "I am not".

Conjugation tables

Indicative present

Person	First group ending	Second group ending
1SG	-q / /	-e / /
2SG	-s / /	-es / /
3SG	-t / /	-e / /
1PL	-w /j/	-ew /əj/
2PL	-z / /	-ez / /
3PL	-e / /	-et / /
2POLITE	-nae /na/	-ea /əa/

Indicative simple past

Person	First group ending	Second group ending
1SG	-qe /ʃ/	-u /y/
2SG	-se /θ/	-us /y/
3SG	-tt /t/	-ue /y/
1PL	-iw /ij/	-uw /yj/
2PL	-ze /z/	-uz /y/
3PL	-f /f/	-ut /y/
2POLITE	-naf /naf/	-ua /ɥa/

The so-called "foregone past" is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general past past and the past participle of the verb.

Indicative simple future

Person	First group ending	Second group ending
1SG	-i /i/	-i /i/
2SG	-si /θi/	-is /i/
3SG	-itt /it/	-ie /i/
1PL	-wi /wi/	-iw /ij/
2PL	-zi /zi/	-iz /i/
3PL	-ie /i/	-it /i/
2POLITE	-naü /naj/	-ia /ja/

The so-called "retrospective future" (future perfect) is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general future followed by the past participle of the verb.

Conditional present

Person	First group ending	Second group ending
1SG	-rq /ʁ/ (or /ʁʃ? ?)	-re /ʁ/
2SG	-rs /ʁ/ (or /ʁθ/ ?)	-res /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)
3SG	-rt /ʁ/ (or /ʁt/	-re /ʁ/
1PL	-rw /ʁj/	-rew /ʁəj/
2PL	-rz /ʁ/ (or /ʁz/ ?)	-rez /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)
3PL	-re /ʁ/	-ret /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)
2POLITE	-rane /ʁan/	-rea /ʁəa/

The conditional past is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present conditional followed with the past participle of the verb.

Imperative

Person	First group ending	Second group ending
1SG	- (radical)	-e / /
2SG	- (radical)	-es / / (or /ə/ ?)
3SG	-e / /	-t / /
1PL	-w /j/	-ew /əj/
2PL	-z / /	-ez / / (or /ə/ ?)
3PL	-ee / / (or /ə/ ?)	-eet / / (or /ə/ ?)

There is no imperative form for the person of politeness.

Absolute

Person	First group ending	Second group ending
1SG	-qae /ʃa/	-ae /a/
2SG	-sae /θa/	-aes /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
3SG	-tae /ta/	-aee /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
1PL	-awe /aj/ (or /awi/ ?)	-aew /aəj/
2PL	-zae /za/	-aez /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
3PL	-eae /əa/	-aet /a/ (or /aə/ ?)
2POLITE	-anae	-aea /aəa/

Participle

Present participle

It is built by adding an ending to the radical of the verb : either -ëm /bɾəm/ (first group), or -end /ɑ̃/ (second group).

Past participle

The past participle is built by adding the ending -tç /te/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -e (unpronounced) to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group.

The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :

Past participle

	first group	second group
Masculine singular	-tç /te/	-e / /
Feminine singular	-tçe /te/	-ee / /
Masculine plural	-tçs /te/	-es / /
Feminine plural	-tçes /te/	-ees / /

Adjectives

Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify.

Adverbs

There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.

Particles

Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc.

• One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".
• Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", my.

Syntax

Constituent order

• The most common constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO, but can be flexible.
• Interrogative sentences are formed by inversing verb and subject (the subject cannot be omitted in this case).

Noun phrase

If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.

• Genitive phrase :

"My mother" : (Article) êüdô maîha.

(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".

Alternatively, a possessive pronoun can be used.

Verb phrase

The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.