Izhkut: Difference between revisions

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| altname = Ishcot

| nativename = jënn izhkut

| pronunciation = ˈɟɛ̂n̪ ˌiʒkut] [ˈd͡ʒeːn ˌiʒkut

| pronunciation = ˈɟɛ̂n̪ ˌiʒkut][ˈd͡ʒeːn ˌiʒkut

| pronunciation_key = IPA for Izhkut

| created = 2022

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| speakers = {{formatnum:126000000}}

| speakers2 = {{formatnum:234000}} (L2)

| ethnicity = ~~Izhkut people~~

| ethnicity = Izhkuts

| date = 400 BH

| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan

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| stand1 = Standard Izhkut

| stand2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|General Colonial]]

| dia1 = [[#Mainland|Mainland]] dialects

| dia1 = [[#Mainland|Mainland]] dialects

** North (Ilyod) dialects

** Ubëes dialect

** South (Pokht) dialects

** Izhkrilin dialects

| dia2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]] dialects

| dia2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]] dialects

** Bay Area dialects

*** Usergonefa dialect

Line 37:

** Mosëoch dialect

| state = Izhkutrëa

| agency = Institute of the Izhkut Language (''Sraunyu Jënn Izhkut'')

| agency = Institute of the Izhkut Language (''Sraunyu Jënn Izhkut'')

| nation = Izhkutrëa, Minūrun, Ingdikh

| notice = ipa

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===Phonotactics===

Izhkut syllables follow the rule of ''' (C) (r)V₁ (V₂) (C)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁.

Izhkut syllables follow the rule of ''' (C) (r)V₁ (V₂) (C) (C)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁.

==Morphology==

===Articles===

Izhkut ~~has no~~ indefinite articles. Definite articles are ~~inflected~~ on number and ~~proceeding sound~~.

Izhkut does not have indefinite articles. Definite articles are marked on number and are shortened if the next word begins in a vowel, e.g.

* ''fosh'' "cloth" > '''''ge''' fosh'' "the cloth", '''''lege''' fosh'' "the cloths"

* ''abarm'' "window" > '''''g’'''abarm'' "the window", '''''leg’'''abarm'' "the windows".

{| class=wikitable

! !! Consonant !! Vowel

|-

! Sing.

| ''ge'' || ''g'''

| ''ge'' || ''g’''

|-

! Pl.

| ''lege'' || ''~~leg'~~''

| ''lege'' || ''leg’''

|}

===Adjectives===

Izhkut adjectives are divided into class I and II. Class I include all irregular adjectives, typically common ones such as ''lun'' "good", ''ober'' "bad", and colours like ''yagav'' "black" or ''manëa'' "white". Class II adjectives are regular and are marked with specific suffixes depending on number and [[w:Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs|degree of comparison]]:

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Singular !! Plural

|-

! Positive

| ''-ar'' / (''Colonial'') ''-re'' || ''-id''

|-

! Comparative

| ''-as'' || ''-is''

|-

! Superlative

| ''-am'' || ''-anid''

|}

These allow derivations from nouns to form adjectives, so ''gilab'' "sand" can be inflected as so:

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Singular !! Plural

|-

! Positive

| ''gilab'''ar''''' / (''Colonial'') ''gilab'''re''''' "sandy" || ''gilab'''id''''' "sandy"

|-

! Comparative

| ''gilab'''as''''' "sandier / more sandy" || ''gilab'''is''''' "sandier / more sandy"

|-

! Superlative

| ''gilab'''am''''' "sandiest / most sandy" || ''gilab'''anid''''' "sandiest / most sandy"

|}

Used in a sentence:

* ''U lege namoë '''gilabanid''' semloa?''

** "Where are the '''sandiest''' beaches?"

* ''Janas yutleg'iu zeu Enud Gibios ge namoë '''gilabam''', la balga u lege namoë Ingdikh '''gilabis'''.''

** "Some people say that the Gibios Bay is the '''sandiest''' beach, but the [[Ingdikh]] beaches are actually '''sandier'''."

===Personal pronouns===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

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====Vocative====

In Mainland dialects, a vocative particle, ''i'', is always placed before formal singular second and third person pronouns. For example:

: ''Luën '''i''' la ~~sëm~~?''

: ''Luën '''i''' la sem?''

: "What would you like?" (''lit.'' "Want o thou what?")

: ''Luën '''i''' sa ge luhus reosh.''

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| ''ri'' || ''rin'' || ''dri'' || ''drid''

|}

===Word derivation===

====Adjective form====

Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re'' (''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". However, this process cannot be applied on placenames in Mainland dialects.

==Syntax==

Like most Taskaric languages, Izhkut syntax is mostly isolating, with grammatical mood and tense shown by preceding and proceeding particles.

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: "Don't eat pork." (''lit.'' "Eat not pork.")

In Strait dialects, the particle ''hea'' is used in the same way as ''h'ma''.{{efn|It has been theorised that ''hea'' is derived in the same way as ''h'ma''; via a conjunction of ''hem'' and ''ma''. The difference being, of course, that Mainland dialects preserved the nasal and deleted the vowel, whereas the opposite happened in Strait dialects, leading to the dichotomy.}}

~~===Word derivation===~~

~~====Adjective form====~~

Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re'' (''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". However, this process cannot be applied on placenames in Mainland dialects.

==Dialects==

===Mainland===

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===UDHR Article 1===

In Izhkut:

: "''Yalos ~~udleg'iu~~ taplia io hegrij uos khrugid io pliedu. Zre goshmis menna uos diusra io vobbis io blaid ana narro mensi uos proinid teyea.''"

: "''Yalos udlegiu taplia io hegrij uos khrugid io pliedu. Zre goshmis menna uos diusra io vobbis io blaid ana narro mensi uos proinid teyea.''"

: Standard Izhkut: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalos ~~udleg͜ iʊ̯~~ ˈtaplia̯ iɔ̯ ˈhegɾʲiɟ ˈuɔ̯s ˈxɾʷugið iɔ̯ ˈpliɨ̯ðu ‖ zɾe ˈgoʃmis ˈmêna uɔ̯s ˈðiʊ̯sɾa iɔ̯ ˈvôbis iɔ̯ ˈblaɪ̯ð ana ˈnâɾo ˈmensi uɔ̯s ˈpɾoɪ̯nið ˈtejea̯ ‖]]]

: Standard Izhkut: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalos ˈudlegiʊ̯ ˈtaplia̯ iɔ̯ ˈhegɾʲiɟ ˈuɔ̯s ˈxɾʷugið iɔ̯ ˈpliɨ̯ðu ‖ zɾe ˈgoʃmis ˈmêna uɔ̯s ˈðiʊ̯sɾa iɔ̯ ˈvôbis iɔ̯ ˈblaɪ̯ð ana ˈnâɾo ˈmensi uɔ̯s ˈpɾoɪ̯nið ˈtejea̯ ‖]]]

: General Colonial: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalɔs ~~udleg͜ iw~~ ˈtaplja iw ˈhegɹid͡ʒ ɔws ˈhɹʷugid iw ˈpljedu ‖ zɹe ˈgɔʃmis ˈmeːna ɔws ˈdiwsɹa iw ˈvɔːbis iw ˈblajd ana ˈnaːɹɔ ˈmensi ɔws ˈpɹɔjnid ˈteja ‖]]]

: General Colonial: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalɔs ˈudlegiw ˈtaplja iw ˈhegɹid͡ʒ ɔws ˈhɹʷugid iw ˈpljedu ‖ zɹe ˈgɔʃmis ˈmeːna ɔws ˈdiwsɹa iw ˈvɔːbis iw ˈblajd ana ˈnaːɹɔ ˈmensi ɔws ˈpɹɔjnid ˈteja ‖]]]

In English:

: "''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''"

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 | altname = Ishcot
 | nativename = jënn izhkut
-| pronunciation = ˈɟɛ̂n̪ ˌiʒkut]<br>[ˈd͡ʒeːn ˌiʒkut
+| pronunciation = ˈɟɛ̂n̪ ˌiʒkut]</br>[ˈd͡ʒeːn ˌiʒkut
 | pronunciation_key = IPA for Izhkut
 | created = 2022
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | speakers = {{formatnum:126000000}}
 | speakers2 = {{formatnum:234000}} (L2)
-| ethnicity = Izhkut people
+| ethnicity = Izhkuts
 | date = 400 BH
 | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 | stand1 = Standard Izhkut
 | stand2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|General Colonial]]
-| dia1 = [[#Mainland|Mainland]] dialects<br>
+| dia1 = [[#Mainland|Mainland]] dialects</br>
 ** North (Ilyod) dialects
 ** Ubëes dialect
 ** South (Pokht) dialects
 ** Izhkrilin dialects
-| dia2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]] dialects<br>
+| dia2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]] dialects</br>
 ** Bay Area dialects
 *** Usergonefa dialect
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 ** Mosëoch dialect
 | state = Izhkutrëa
-| agency = Institute of the Izhkut Language<br> (''Sraunyu Jënn Izhkut'')
+| agency = Institute of the Izhkut Language</br> (''Sraunyu Jënn Izhkut'')
 | nation = Izhkutrëa, Minūrun, Ingdikh
 | notice = ipa
@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 ===Phonotactics===
-Izhkut syllables follow the rule of ''' (C) (r)V₁ (V₂) (C)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁.
+Izhkut syllables follow the rule of ''' (C) (r)V₁ (V₂) (C) (C)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁.
 ==Morphology==
 ===Articles===
-Izhkut has no indefinite articles. Definite articles are inflected on number and proceeding sound.
+Izhkut does not have indefinite articles. Definite articles are marked on number and are shortened if the next word begins in a vowel, e.g.
+* ''fosh'' "cloth" > '''''ge''' fosh'' "the cloth", '''''lege''' fosh'' "the cloths"
+* ''abarm'' "window" > '''''g’'''abarm'' "the window", '''''leg’'''abarm'' "the windows".
 {| class=wikitable
 ! !! Consonant !! Vowel
 |-
 ! Sing.
-| ''ge'' || ''g'''
+| ''ge'' || ''g’''
 |-
 ! Pl.
-| ''lege'' || ''leg'''
+| ''lege'' || ''leg’''
 |}
+===Adjectives===
+Izhkut adjectives are divided into class I and II. Class I include all irregular adjectives, typically common ones such as ''lun'' "good", ''ober'' "bad", and colours like ''yagav'' "black" or ''manëa'' "white". Class II adjectives are regular and are marked with specific suffixes depending on number and [[w:Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs|degree of comparison]]:
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Positive
+| ''-ar'' / (''Colonial'') ''-re'' || ''-id''
+|-
+! Comparative
+| ''-as'' || ''-is''
+|-
+! Superlative
+| ''-am'' || ''-anid''
+|}
+These allow derivations from nouns to form adjectives, so ''gilab'' "sand" can be inflected as so:
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Positive
+| ''gilab'''ar''''' / (''Colonial'') ''gilab'''re''''' "sandy" || ''gilab'''id''''' "sandy"
+|-
+! Comparative
+| ''gilab'''as''''' "sandier / more sandy" || ''gilab'''is''''' "sandier / more sandy"
+|-
+! Superlative
+| ''gilab'''am''''' "sandiest / most sandy" || ''gilab'''anid''''' "sandiest / most sandy"
+|}
+Used in a sentence:
+* ''U lege namoë '''gilabanid''' semloa?''
+** "Where are the '''sandiest''' beaches?"
+* ''Janas yutleg'iu zeu Enud Gibios ge namoë '''gilabam''', la balga u lege namoë Ingdikh '''gilabis'''.''
+** "Some people say that the Gibios Bay is the '''sandiest''' beach, but the [[Ingdikh]] beaches are actually '''sandier'''."
 ===Personal pronouns===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 207: / Line 241: @@
 ====Vocative====
 In Mainland dialects, a vocative particle,  ''i'', is always placed before formal singular second and third person pronouns. For example:
-: ''Luën '''i''' la sëm?''
+: ''Luën '''i''' la sem?''
 : "What would you like?" (''lit.'' "Want o thou what?")
 : ''Luën '''i''' sa ge luhus reosh.''
@@ Line 240: / Line 274: @@
 | ''ri'' || ''rin'' || ''dri'' || ''drid''
 |}
+===Word derivation===
+====Adjective form====
+Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re'' (''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". However, this process cannot be applied on placenames in Mainland dialects.
 ==Syntax==
 Like most Taskaric languages, Izhkut syntax is mostly isolating, with grammatical mood and tense shown by preceding and proceeding particles.
@@ Line 304: / Line 340: @@
 : "Don't eat pork." (''lit.'' "Eat not pork.")
 In Strait dialects, the particle ''hea'' is used in the same way as ''h'ma''.{{efn|It has been theorised that ''hea'' is derived in the same way as ''h'ma''; via a conjunction of ''hem'' and ''ma''. The difference being, of course, that Mainland dialects preserved the nasal and deleted the vowel, whereas the opposite happened in Strait dialects, leading to the dichotomy.}}
-===Word derivation===
-====Adjective form====
-Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re'' (''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". However, this process cannot be applied on placenames in Mainland dialects.
 ==Dialects==
 ===Mainland===
@@ Line 322: / Line 355: @@
 ===UDHR Article 1===
 In Izhkut:
-: "''Yalos udleg'iu taplia io hegrij uos khrugid io pliedu. Zre goshmis menna uos diusra io vobbis io blaid ana narro mensi uos proinid teyea.''"
+: "''Yalos udlegiu taplia io hegrij uos khrugid io pliedu. Zre goshmis menna uos diusra io vobbis io blaid ana narro mensi uos proinid teyea.''"
-: <small>Standard Izhkut:</small> [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalos udleg͜ iʊ̯ ˈtaplia̯ iɔ̯ ˈhegɾʲiɟ ˈuɔ̯s ˈxɾʷugið iɔ̯ ˈpliɨ̯ðu ‖ zɾe ˈgoʃmis ˈmêna uɔ̯s ˈðiʊ̯sɾa iɔ̯ ˈvôbis iɔ̯ ˈblaɪ̯ð ana ˈnâɾo ˈmensi uɔ̯s ˈpɾoɪ̯nið ˈtejea̯ ‖]]]
+: <small>Standard Izhkut:</small> [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalos ˈudlegiʊ̯ ˈtaplia̯ iɔ̯ ˈhegɾʲiɟ ˈuɔ̯s ˈxɾʷugið iɔ̯ ˈpliɨ̯ðu ‖ zɾe ˈgoʃmis ˈmêna uɔ̯s ˈðiʊ̯sɾa iɔ̯ ˈvôbis iɔ̯ ˈblaɪ̯ð ana ˈnâɾo ˈmensi uɔ̯s ˈpɾoɪ̯nið ˈtejea̯ ‖]]]
-: <small>General Colonial:</small> [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalɔs udleg͜ iw ˈtaplja iw ˈhegɹid͡ʒ ɔws ˈhɹʷugid iw ˈpljedu ‖ zɹe ˈgɔʃmis ˈmeːna ɔws ˈdiwsɹa iw ˈvɔːbis iw ˈblajd ana ˈnaːɹɔ ˈmensi ɔws ˈpɹɔjnid ˈteja ‖]]]
+: <small>General Colonial:</small> [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalɔs ˈudlegiw ˈtaplja iw ˈhegɹid͡ʒ ɔws ˈhɹʷugid iw ˈpljedu ‖ zɹe ˈgɔʃmis ˈmeːna ɔws ˈdiwsɹa iw ˈvɔːbis iw ˈblajd ana ˈnaːɹɔ ˈmensi ɔws ˈpɹɔjnid ˈteja ‖]]]
 In English:
 : "''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''"