Talnanian: Difference between revisions

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|ancestor2        = [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]
|ancestor2        = [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]
|ancestor3        = [[w:Proto-Romance|Proto-Romance]]
|ancestor3        = [[w:Proto-Romance|Proto-Romance]]
|stand1            = Capitalian Talnanian
|stand1            = Standard Capitalian Talnanian
|dia1              = Valese
|dia1              = Valese
|dia2              = Inner Talnanian
|dia2              = Inner Talnanian
Line 52: Line 52:
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonant phonemes of Talnanian
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
|-
! colspan=2|
! colspan=2 |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal.]]/<br/>[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]/<br/>[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]


|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
Line 68: Line 68:


|-
|-
! rowspan=2| [[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]
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|-
|-
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
Line 96: Line 96:


|-
|-
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]*
| [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|
|


|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
Line 125: Line 125:


Phonetic notes:
Phonetic notes:
* The phoneme [j] is an allophonic variant of /ʎ/ occuring at the end of a syllable. In the Valese dialect, it is instead realized as [l].
* The phoneme [j] is an allophonic variant of /ʎ/ occurring at the end of a syllable. In the Valese dialect, it is instead realized as [l].
* The Talnanian [[w:rhotic consonant|rhotic]] can be realized in a variety of ways. They are as follows:
* The Talnanian [[w:rhotic consonant|rhotic]] can be realized in a variety of ways. They are as follows:
** [[w:alveolar trill|alveolar trill]] [r], found in most areas except for Vallia and Inner Talnania.
** [[w:alveolar trill|alveolar trill]] [r], found in most areas except for Vallia and Inner Talnania.
** [[w:alveolar tap|alveolar tap]] [ɾ], found in north Inner Talnania.
** [[w:alveolar tap|alveolar tap]] [ɾ], found in north Inner Talnania.
** [[w:alveolar approximant|alveolar approximant]] [ɹ], which is the default realization in Vallia and south Inner Talnania, and the most common across all dialects after a consonant.
** [[w:alveolar approximant|alveolar approximant]] [ɹ], which is the default realization in Vallia and south Inner Talnania, and the most common across all dialects after a consonant.
* The phonemes /m, b, x/ are only found in loanwords such as ''masina'' /maˈsina/ 'car' (Russian ''mašína''), ''bilet'' /biˈlet/ 'ticket' (Russian ''bilét''), or ''qaran'' /xaˈran/ 'east' (Middle Persian ''xvarōfrān'').
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] ([[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]])
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] ([[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ε]])
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] ([[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]])
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
Phonetic notes:
* Like [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], Standard Capitalian Talnanian dropped the Latin distinction between close-mid and open-mid vowels. /ε, o/ became /e, ɔ/. Compare ''čera'' /ˈt͡sera/ 'land' and ''sole'' /ˈsɔle/ 'sun' with the Spanish cognates ''tierra'' /ˈtjera/ and ''sol'' /sol/, and the Italian cognates ''terra'' /ˈtɛr.ra/ and ''sole'' /ˈso.le/, having the same meanings.
** Vallese Talnanian instead merged /ɔ/ into /o/, yielding /ˈsole/.
** Older speakers of Inner Talnanian have preserved the close-mid and open-mid vowel distinction completely, yielding /ˈt͡sεra/ and /ˈsole/. Among younger speakers of Inner Talnanian, the close-mid and open-mid pairs are in free variation.
* Likewise, historical /ɪ/ merged into /i/, i.e. ''in'' /in/.
** Inner Talnanian preserves this distinction with no free variance, i.e. /ɪn/.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
====Intonation====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Line 146: Line 175:
| ᠠ Aa || ᠠ ''a'' {{IPA|[ˈa]}} || {{IPA|/a/}} ||
| ᠠ Aa || ᠠ ''a'' {{IPA|[ˈa]}} || {{IPA|/a/}} ||
|-
|-
| ᠪ Bb || ᠪᠡ ''be'' {{IPA|[ˈbe]}} || {{IPA|/b/}} || primarily found in borrowings
| ᠪ Bb || ᠪᠡ ''be'' {{IPA|[ˈbe]}} || {{IPA|/b/}} || exclusively found in borrowings
|-
|-
| ᠺ Cc || ᠺᠡ ''ce'' {{IPA|[ˈke]}} || {{IPA|/k/}} ||
| ᠺ Cc || ᠺᠡ ''ce'' {{IPA|[ˈke]}} || {{IPA|/k/}} ||
Line 165: Line 194:
|-
|-
| ᠨ Nn || ᠡᠨ ''en'' {{IPA|[ˈen]}} || {{IPA|/n/}} ||
| ᠨ Nn || ᠡᠨ ''en'' {{IPA|[ˈen]}} || {{IPA|/n/}} ||
|-
| ᠮ Mm || ᠡᠮ ''em'' {{IPA|[ˈem]}} || {{IPA|/m/}} || exclusively found in borrowings
|-
|-
| ᠨᠶ ny || ᠨᠶᠡ ''nye'' {{IPA|[ˈɲe]}} || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || digraph
| ᠨᠶ ny || ᠨᠶᠡ ''nye'' {{IPA|[ˈɲe]}} || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || digraph
Line 204: Line 235:
-->
-->
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Every Talnanian noun belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. When a noun regards the living, the grammatical gender usually corresponds to the referent. Such words are said to be natural gender. For example, a male teacher is ''il ziascalo'', while a female teacher is ''la ziascalo''. The plural is usually formed by adding ''-s'' to the end of the word. However, if the word ends in a consonant cluster like that would produce an illegal collision with /s/, ''-es'' is used. For example, the plural of ''apa'' is ''apas'', while the plural of ''poist'' is ''poistes''.
Every Talnanian noun belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. When a noun regards the living, the grammatical gender usually corresponds to the referent. Such words are said to be natural gender. For example, a male teacher is ''il ziascalo'', while a female teacher is ''la ziascalo''. The plural is usually formed by adding ''-s'' to the end of the word. However, if the word ends in a consonant cluster that would produce an illegal collision with /s/, ''-es'' is used. For example, the plural of ''apa'' is ''apas'', while the plural of ''poist'' is ''poistes''.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs in Talnanian are the only part of speech that exhibit extensive morphology retained from Latin. They conjugate for person, number, mood, and tense. Talnanian is a [[w:fusional language|fusional language]].
Verbs in Talnanian are the only part of speech that exhibit extensive morphology retained from Latin. They conjugate for person, number, mood, and tense. Talnanian is a [[w:fusional language|fusional language]].
====Indicative mood====
The indicative mood is used to denote a factual statement. Four tenses are used in the indicative: [[w:present tense|present]], [[w:imperfect tense|imperfect]], [[w:past tense|past]], and [[w:future tense|future]]. For example:
* '''''Suy''' veclu'' ('''I am''' old)
* '''''Vizinus''' la masina'' ('''We saw''' the car)
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative forms of the regular -''ere'' verb ''vizere'' ('to speak')
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |
! colspan="3" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Plural
|-
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 1st
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 2nd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 3rd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 1st
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 2nd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 3rd
|-
!
! yo
! tu
! il/ila/lu
! nos
! vos
! ilos/ilas
|-
! Present
| viz'''o'''
| viz'''es'''
| viz'''et'''
| viz'''enus'''
| viz'''ečis'''
| viz'''en'''
|-
! Imperfect
| viz'''an'''
| viz'''as'''
| viz'''at'''
| viz'''anus'''
| viz'''ačis'''
| viz'''an'''
|-
! Past
| viz'''i'''
| viz'''isti'''
| viz'''it'''
| viz'''inus'''
| viz'''istis'''
| viz'''erun'''
|-
! Future
| viz'''erio'''
| viz'''eres'''
| viz'''eret'''
| viz'''erenus'''
| viz'''erečis'''
| viz'''eren'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative forms of the regular -''are'' verb ''donare'' ('to give')
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |
! colspan="3" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Plural
|-
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 1st
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 2nd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 3rd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 1st
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 2nd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 3rd
|-
!
! yo
! tu
! il/ila/lu
! nos
! vos
! ilos/ilas
|-
! Present
| don'''o'''
| don'''as'''
| don'''at'''
| don'''anus'''
| don'''ačis'''
| don'''an'''
|-
! Imperfect
| don'''an'''
| don'''as'''
| don'''at'''
| don'''anus'''
| don'''ačis'''
| don'''an'''
|-
! Past
| don'''ai'''
| don'''aisti'''
| don'''ait'''
| don'''ainus'''
| don'''aistis'''
| don'''erun'''
|-
! Future
| don'''ario'''
| don'''ares'''
| don'''aret'''
| don'''arenus'''
| don'''arečis'''
| don'''aren'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative forms of the regular -''ire'' verb ''ozire'' ('to hear')
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |
! colspan="3" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Plural
|-
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 1st
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 2nd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 3rd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 1st
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 2nd
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | 3rd
|-
!
! yo
! tu
! il/ila/lu
! nos
! vos
! ilos/ilas
|-
! Present
| oz'''o'''
| oz'''is'''
| oz'''it'''
| oz'''inus'''
| oz'''ičis'''
| oz'''iun'''
|-
! Imperfect
| oz'''ian'''
| oz'''ias'''
| oz'''iat'''
| oz'''ianus'''
| oz'''iačis'''
| oz'''ian'''
|-
! Past
| oz'''i'''
| oz'''isti'''
| oz'''it'''
| oz'''inus'''
| oz'''istis'''
| oz'''ierun'''
|-
! Future
| oz'''irio'''
| oz'''ires'''
| oz'''iret'''
| oz'''irenus'''
| oz'''irečis'''
| oz'''iren'''
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===

Latest revision as of 03:22, 1 July 2026

Talnanian
ᠯᠢᠨᠸᠠ ᠲᠠᠯᠨᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨᠠ
linva talnanyana
Flag of Talnania
Pronunciation[ˈlinva talnaˈɲana]
Created byNehster9
Date2026
SettingAlt-history Mongolia
EthnicityTalnanians
Native speakers33.8 million (2025)
Early forms
Standard form
Standard Capitalian Talnanian
Dialects
  • Valese
  • Inner Talnanian
Official status
Official language in
Talnania
Regulated byTalnanian Academy
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Talnanian (endonym: ᠯᠢᠨᠸᠠ ᠲᠠᠯᠨᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨᠠ, linva talnanyana [ˈlinva talnaˈɲana]​) is a Romance language spoken by the Talnanians. Compared to other Romance languages, Talnanian has derived a substantial portion of its vocabulary from Mongolian and Persian, owing to the language's primary presence in Talnania. There are approximately 13.8 million speakers worldwide.

Talnanian is partially inspired aesthetically by Romanian, which is its closest relative. Uniquely, it features heavier palatalization relative to Romanian (and indeed most other Romance languages). Furthermore, the language has lost noun declension. In spite of this, vowels are relatively conservative, and the neuter is preserved. It aims to showcase what would happen if Balkan Romance speakers had migrated to real-world Mongolia along the Silk Road.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Alveolo-palatal/
Palatal 		Velar
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d g
Fricative voiceless f s x
voiced v z
Affricate voiceless t͡s
voiced d͡ʑ
Approximant l ʎ
Rhotic r

Phonetic notes:

  • The phoneme [j] is an allophonic variant of /ʎ/ occurring at the end of a syllable. In the Valese dialect, it is instead realized as [l].
  • The Talnanian rhotic can be realized in a variety of ways. They are as follows:
    • alveolar trill [r], found in most areas except for Vallia and Inner Talnania.
    • alveolar tap [ɾ], found in north Inner Talnania.
    • alveolar approximant [ɹ], which is the default realization in Vallia and south Inner Talnania, and the most common across all dialects after a consonant.
  • The phonemes /m, b, x/ are only found in loanwords such as masina /maˈsina/ 'car' (Russian mašína), bilet /biˈlet/ 'ticket' (Russian bilét), or qaran /xaˈran/ 'east' (Middle Persian xvarōfrān).

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Back
Close i (ɪ) u
Mid e (ε) ɔ (o)
Open a

Phonetic notes:

  • Like Spanish, Standard Capitalian Talnanian dropped the Latin distinction between close-mid and open-mid vowels. /ε, o/ became /e, ɔ/. Compare čera /ˈt͡sera/ 'land' and sole /ˈsɔle/ 'sun' with the Spanish cognates tierra /ˈtjera/ and sol /sol/, and the Italian cognates terra /ˈtɛr.ra/ and sole /ˈso.le/, having the same meanings.
    • Vallese Talnanian instead merged /ɔ/ into /o/, yielding /ˈsole/.
    • Older speakers of Inner Talnanian have preserved the close-mid and open-mid vowel distinction completely, yielding /ˈt͡sεra/ and /ˈsole/. Among younger speakers of Inner Talnanian, the close-mid and open-mid pairs are in free variation.
  • Likewise, historical /ɪ/ merged into /i/, i.e. in /in/.
    • Inner Talnanian preserves this distinction with no free variance, i.e. /ɪn/.

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Orthography

Talnanian can be written in one of two scripts, Mongolian and Latin scripts.

Letter Name IPA Notes
ᠠ Aa ᠠ a [ˈa] /a/
ᠪ Bb ᠪᠡ be [ˈbe] /b/ exclusively found in borrowings
ᠺ Cc ᠺᠡ ce [ˈke] /k/
ᠴ Čč ᠴᠡ če [ˈt͡se] /t͡s/
ᠳ Dd ᠳᠡ de [ˈde] /d/
ᠡ Ee ᠡ e [ˈe] /e/
ᠹ Ff ᠡᠹ ef [ˈef] /f/
ᠭ Gg ᠭᠡ ge [ˈge] /g/
ᠢ Ii ᠢ i [ˈi] /i/
ᠯ Ll ᠡᠯ el [ˈel] /l/
ᠨ Nn ᠡᠨ en [ˈen] /n/
ᠮ Mm ᠡᠮ em [ˈem] /m/ exclusively found in borrowings
ᠨᠶ ny ᠨᠶᠡ nye [ˈɲe] /ɲ/ digraph
ᠣ Oo ᠣ o [ˈɔ] /ɔ/
ᠣ Uu ᠣ u [ˈu] /u/
ᠫ Pp ᠫᠡ pe [ˈpe] /p/
ᠬ Qq ᠬᠤ qu [ˈxu] /x/ exclusively found in borrowings
ᠷ Rr ᠡᠷ er [ˈer] /r/
ᠰ Ss ᠡᠰ es [ˈes] /s/
ᠲ Tt ᠲᠡ te [ˈte] /t/
ᠸ Vv ᠸᠡ ve [ˈve] /v/
ᠶ Yy ᠢ ᠭᠷᠡᠺᠠ i greca [i ˈgreka] /ʎ/, [j~l]
ᠵ Zz ᠵᠡᠲᠠ zeta [ˈd͡ʑeta] /d͡ʑ/
ᠽ sz ᠽᠡᠲᠠ szeta [ˈzeta] /z/ exclusively found in borrowings; in the Latin script it is a digraph

Grammar

Nouns

Every Talnanian noun belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. When a noun regards the living, the grammatical gender usually corresponds to the referent. Such words are said to be natural gender. For example, a male teacher is il ziascalo, while a female teacher is la ziascalo. The plural is usually formed by adding -s to the end of the word. However, if the word ends in a consonant cluster that would produce an illegal collision with /s/, -es is used. For example, the plural of apa is apas, while the plural of poist is poistes.

Verbs

Verbs in Talnanian are the only part of speech that exhibit extensive morphology retained from Latin. They conjugate for person, number, mood, and tense. Talnanian is a fusional language.

Indicative mood

The indicative mood is used to denote a factual statement. Four tenses are used in the indicative: present, imperfect, past, and future. For example:

  • Suy veclu (I am old)
  • Vizinus la masina (We saw the car)
Indicative forms of the regular -ere verb vizere ('to speak')
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
yo tu il/ila/lu nos vos ilos/ilas
Present vizo vizes vizet vizenus vizečis vizen
Imperfect vizan vizas vizat vizanus vizačis vizan
Past vizi vizisti vizit vizinus vizistis vizerun
Future vizerio vizeres vizeret vizerenus vizerečis vizeren
Indicative forms of the regular -are verb donare ('to give')
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
yo tu il/ila/lu nos vos ilos/ilas
Present dono donas donat donanus donačis donan
Imperfect donan donas donat donanus donačis donan
Past donai donaisti donait donainus donaistis donerun
Future donario donares donaret donarenus donarečis donaren
Indicative forms of the regular -ire verb ozire ('to hear')
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
yo tu il/ila/lu nos vos ilos/ilas
Present ozo ozis ozit ozinus ozičis oziun
Imperfect ozian ozias oziat ozianus oziačis ozian
Past ozi ozisti ozit ozinus ozistis ozierun
Future ozirio ozires oziret ozirenus ozirečis oziren

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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