Glommish/Middle: Difference between revisions

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==Strong vocalic declensions==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*p b f v
*t d þ ð
*č dž š
*k g h
*s z
*m n l r j
*ь


Note: Declensions are named according to their form in [[Proto-Germanic]].  Often intervening sound changes render the once transparent stem endings opaque, and the name may no longer make much sense [[Synchrony and diachrony|synchronic]]ally.
===Vowels===
a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ ы io iu ə


===The -a declension===
In unstressed syllables: a ə i vs ia iə i
 
==Nouns==
===Strong vocalic declensions===
 
====The -a declension====
This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.
This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | '''''dag; dagar ''<br> day m.
! colspan="4" | '''''dag; daga''<br> day m.
! colspan="4" | '''''wurd; wurda''<br> word
! colspan="4" | '''''čind; činda''<br> child n.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
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|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| tag || '''–''' || tagā (-a) || '''–ā (–a)'''
|| þer dag || '''–''' || þī daga || '''–a'''
|| wort || '''–''' || wort || '''–'''
|| þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Accusative'''
! '''Accusative'''
|| tag || '''–''' || tagā (-a) || '''–ā (–a)'''
|| þina dag || '''–''' || þīr dagar || '''–ar'''
|| wort || '''–''' || wort || '''–'''
|| þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| tages (-as) || '''–es (–as)''' || tago || '''–o'''
|| þes dages || '''–es''' || þiera daga || '''–a'''
|| wortes (-as) || '''–es (–as)''' || worto || '''–o'''
|| þes čindes || '''–es''' || þiera činda || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| tage (-a) || '''–e (–a)''' || tagum (-om, -un, -on) || '''–um (–om, –un, –on)'''
|| þimmy dagy || '''–y''' || þȳm dagym || '''–ym'''
|| worte (-a) || '''–e (–a)''' || wortum (-om, -un, -on) || '''–um (–om, –un, –on)'''
|| þimmy čindy || '''–y''' || þȳm čindym || '''–ym'''
|-
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
! '''Instrumental'''
|| tagu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || --|| --
|| þina daga || '''–a''' || --|| --
|| wortu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || -- || --
|| þina činda || '''–a''' || -- || --
|}
|}


Examples of masculine nouns declined like '''tag''' "day": '''bërg''' "mountain", '''wëg''' "way", '''geist''' "spirit", '''himil''' "heaven", '''tiufal''' "devil", '''kuning''' "king".
Examples of masculine nouns declined like ''dag'' "day": ''bierg'' "mountain", ''vieg'' "way", ''gȳst'' "spirit", ''kuning'' "king".
<!--
Notes:
Notes:
*Dissyllabic nouns ending in '''-al''', '''-ar''' and '''-an''', with long stems, sometimes drop the '''-a-''' before an ending beginning with a vowel, e.g. masculine singular '''ackar''' "acre, field", genitive singular '''ackres'''.  Note that in these cases, the '''-a-''' is an epenthetic vowel that was not originally present (compare [[Gothic language|Gothic]] '''akrs''' < [[Proto-Germanic]] '''*akraz'''), and so the "deletion" of this vowel is really the preservation of the original form.
*Dissyllabic nouns ending in '''-al''', '''-ar''' and '''-an''', with long stems, sometimes drop the '''-a-''' before an ending beginning with a vowel, e.g. masculine singular '''ackar''' "acre, field", genitive singular '''ackres'''.  Note that in these cases, the '''-a-''' is an epenthetic vowel that was not originally present (compare [[Gothic language|Gothic]] '''akrs''' < [[Proto-Germanic]] '''*akraz'''), and so the "deletion" of this vowel is really the preservation of the original form.
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*The situation with long-stemmed dissyllabic nouns ending in '''-al''', '''-ar''' and '''-an''' is the same as for the corresponding masculines, e.g. nominative '''zwīfal''' "doubt", genitive '''zwīfles'''.
*The situation with long-stemmed dissyllabic nouns ending in '''-al''', '''-ar''' and '''-an''' is the same as for the corresponding masculines, e.g. nominative '''zwīfal''' "doubt", genitive '''zwīfles'''.
*Diminutives in '''-īn''' and '''-līn''', e.g. '''magatīn''' "little maid" (neuter!), '''fingarlīn''' "little finger", are declined the same except in the [[Upper German]] dialects.  In those dialects, final '''-n''' is dropped in the nominative and accusative, and furthermore in [[Alemannic German|Allemannic]] the nominative and accusative plural end in '''-iu'''.
*Diminutives in '''-īn''' and '''-līn''', e.g. '''magatīn''' "little maid" (neuter!), '''fingarlīn''' "little finger", are declined the same except in the [[Upper German]] dialects.  In those dialects, final '''-n''' is dropped in the nominative and accusative, and furthermore in [[Alemannic German|Allemannic]] the nominative and accusative plural end in '''-iu'''.
-->


===The -ja declension===
====The -ja declension====
This declension was really just the '''-a''' declension with a '''j''' immediately preceding.  However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain '''-a''' declension.  Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.
This declension was really just the '''-a''' declension with a '''j''' immediately preceding.  However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain '''-a''' declension.  Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="8" | '''''hirti; hirte / hirtā (-a)''<br> herdsman m.
! colspan="4" | '''''hirdь; hirdia ''<br> herdsman, shephard m.
! colspan="8" | '''''kunni; kunni''<br> race n.
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="4" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="2" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="4" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="4" | '''Plural'''
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| hirti || '''–i''' || hirti || '''–i''' || hirte || '''–e''' || hirtā (-a) || '''–ā (–a)'''
|| þer hirdь || '''–ь''' || þī hirdia || '''–ia'''
|| kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i'''  
|-
|-
! '''Accusative'''
! '''Accusative'''
|| hirti || '''–i''' || hirti || '''–i''' || hirte || '''–e''' || hirtā (-a) || '''–ā (–a)'''
|| þina hirdь || '''–ь''' || þīr hirdiar || '''–iar'''
|| kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i'''  
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| hirtes || '''–es''' || hirtes || '''–es''' || hirteo (-io) || '''–eo (–io)''' || hirto || '''–o'''
|| þes hirdis || '''–is''' || þiera hirdia || '''–ia'''
|| kunnes || '''–es''' || kunnes || '''–es''' || kunneo (-io) || '''–eo (–io)''' || kunno || '''–o'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| hirtie || '''–ie''' || hirte || '''–e''' || hirtum (-un, -on) || '''–um (–un, –on)''' || hirtim (-in) || '''–im (–in)'''
|| þimmy hirdi || '''–i''' || þȳm hirdim || '''–im'''
|| kunnie || '''–ie''' || kunne || '''–e''' || kunnum (-un, -on) || '''–um (–un, –on)''' || kunnim (-in) || '''–im (–in)'''
|-
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
! '''Instrumental'''
|| hirtiu || '''–iu''' || hirtu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || -- || -- || -- || --
|| hirdia || '''–ia''' || --|| --
|| kunniu || '''–iu''' || kunnu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || -- || -- || -- || --  
|}
|}
Note that the transition from early to late forms occurred during the ninth century.  Late-form '''ja-'''stems are conjugated identically to '''a-'''stems except for the added '''-i''' in the neuter nominative and accusative, and in the masculine nominative and accusative singular.  Compare the equivalent nouns in [[Old English]], e.g. '''rīce''' "kingdom" (neuter).
Sample nouns like '''hirti''': agent nouns in '''-āri (-ari, -eri)''', e.g. '''wahtāri (-ari, -eri)''' "watchman", '''lērāri''' "teacher", '''scrībāri''' "writer, scribe"; also, '''karkāri''' "prison", '''altāri''' "altar", '''rucki''' "back", '''phuzzi, puzzi''' "well", '''kāsi''' "cheese".


Sample nouns like '''kunni''': '''enti''' "end", '''rīchi''' "kingdom", '''betti''' "bed", '''gizungi''' "language", '''finstarnessi''' "darkness", '''heri''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''herie, herige''').
Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''vahtarь (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīč''' "kingdom", '''badь''' "bed", '''getunž''' "language", '''þiūstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''heri''').


===The -wa declension===
====The -wa declension====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | '''''snēo, snē; snēwā (-a)''<br> snow m.
! colspan="4" | '''''snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa''<br> snow m.
! colspan="4" | '''''kneo; kneo''<br> knee n.
! colspan="4" | '''''kneo; kneo''<br> knee n.
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| snēo, snē || '''–o, –''' || snēwā (-a) || '''–wā (–wa)'''
|| snȳw, snȳ || '''–''' || snȳwa || '''–wa'''
|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
|| snēo, snē || '''–o, –''' || snēwā (-a) || '''–wā (–wa)'''
|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''
|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| snēwes || '''–wes''' || snēwo || '''–wo'''
|| snȳwys || '''–wys''' || snȳwa || '''–wa'''
|| knëwes || '''–wes''' || knëwo || '''–wo'''
|| knewys || '''–wys''' || knewa || '''–wa'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| snēwe || '''–e''' || snēwum (–un, –on) || '''–um (–un, –on)'''
|| snȳwy || '''–wy''' || snewym || '''–ym'''
|| knëwe || '''–e''' || knëwum (–un, –on) || '''–um (–un, –on)'''
|| knewy || '''–wy''' || knewym || '''–ym'''
|}
|}


Notes:
====The -ō declension====
*'''-o''' in the nominative can be dropped following a long vowel.
This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.
*When a consonant precedes the '''-w''', an [[epenthetic]] vowel '''-a-''' (sometimes '''-o-''' or '''-e-''') appears in the oblique cases, e.g. neuter '''trëso''' "treasure", genitive '''trësawes'''.
Among the other nouns in this declension:
* Masculine '''lēo''' "grave", '''sēo''' "sea", '''scato''' (genitive '''scatawes''') "shadow", '''bū''' (genitive '''būwes''') "dwelling".
*Neuter '''rēo''' "corpse", '''zëso''' (genitive '''zësawes''') "right side", '''smëro''' (genitive '''smërawes''') "grease".
 
===The -ō declension===
This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns. The nominative, which should have had the ending -u, has been merged with the accusative in -a.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | '''''gëba; gëbā''<br> gift f.
! colspan="4" | '''''džāva; džāvar''<br> gift f.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
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|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| gëba || '''–a''' || gëbā || '''–ā'''
|| þī džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''
|-
|-
! '''Accusative'''
! '''Accusative'''
|| gëba || '''–a''' || gëbā || '''–ā'''
|| þija džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| gëba (-u, -o) || '''–a (–u, –o)''' || gëbōnō || '''–ōnō'''
|| þierar džāvar || '''–ar''' || þiera džāva || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| gëbu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || gëbōm (-ōn, -on) || '''–ōm (–ōn, –on)'''
|| þieraj džāvaj || '''–aj''' || þȳm džāvam || '''–am'''
|}
|}


Sample nouns of this declension: '''gëba''' "gift", '''ërda''' "earth", '''ēra''' "honor", '''zala''' "number", '''triuwa''' "fidelity", '''corunga''' "temptation", '''hertida''' "hardness", '''miltida''' "compassion", '''gi-nāda''' "favor", '''lōsunga''' "deliverance", '''stunta''' "time".
Sample nouns of this declension: '''džāva''' "gift", '''jerþa''' "earth", '''ȳra''' "honor", '''tala''' "number", '''triwa''' "fidelity", '''korunga''' "temptation", '''hardiþa''' "hardness", '''mildiþa''' "compassion", '''ganāþa''' "favor", '''losiunga''' "deliverance", '''stunda''' "time".
 
<!--
===The -jō declension===
====The -jō declension====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="12" | '''''sunta; sunte, -eā (-iā) / suntā''<br> sin f.
! colspan="12" | '''''sunta; sunte, -eā (-iā) / suntā''<br> sin f.
! colspan="4" | '''''kuningin; kuninginnā''<br> queen f.
! colspan="4" | '''''kuningьnia; kuningьniar''<br> queen f.
|-
|-
! colspan="6" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="6" | '''Singular'''
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|}
|}


Sample nouns like '''sunta''': '''hella''' "hell", '''sibba, sippa''' "peace", '''minna''' "love", '''krippa''' "manger".
Sample nouns like '''kuningьnia''': '''fursagьnia''' "prophetess", '''friondьnia''' "friend"


Sample nouns like '''kuningin''': '''forasagin''' "prophetess", '''friuntin''' "friend", '''burdin''' "burden".
====The -i declension====
 
===The -i declension===
This declension counterparts the vowel stems of the third declension (is) of Latin, and the third declension of Greek. It contains masculine and feminine nouns.  Note that masculine nouns have become identical to -a stem nouns in the singular, while feminine nouns have preserved the original declension.
This declension counterparts the vowel stems of the third declension (is) of Latin, and the third declension of Greek. It contains masculine and feminine nouns.  Note that masculine nouns have become identical to -a stem nouns in the singular, while feminine nouns have preserved the original declension.


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|}
|}


===The -u declension===
====The -u declension====
This declension was much reduced compared to other old Germanic languages such as [[Old English]].  Most nouns were transferred outright to the '''i-''' or sometimes the '''a-'''declension, and the remaining nouns were heavily influenced by the '''i-'''declension—only the nominative and accusative singular are different, ending in '''-u'''.
This declension was much reduced compared to other old Germanic languages such as [[Old English]].  Most nouns were transferred outright to the '''i-''' or sometimes the '''a-'''declension, and the remaining nouns were heavily influenced by the '''i-'''declension—only the nominative and accusative singular are different, ending in '''-u'''.


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*The only trace of a feminine '''u-'''declension is in the word '''hant''' "hand", declined as a feminine '''i-'''stem except in the dative plural, where the old '''u-'''declension forms '''hantum, -un, -on''' persist.
*The only trace of a feminine '''u-'''declension is in the word '''hant''' "hand", declined as a feminine '''i-'''stem except in the dative plural, where the old '''u-'''declension forms '''hantum, -un, -on''' persist.


===The -ī declension===
====The -ī declension====
This class consists of feminine abstract nouns and came about through the falling together of two declensions that were still different in [[Gothic language|Gothic]]: compare the Gothic '''-ei''' stems (a subclass of the weak declension, formed from adjectives, e.g. '''diupei''' "depth", genitive '''diupeins''', from '''diups''' "deep") and '''-eins''' stems (a subclass of the '''i-'''declension, formed from Class I weak verbs, e.g. '''dáupeins''' "a dipping", genitive '''dáupeináis''', from '''dáupjan''' "to dip").
This class consists of feminine abstract nouns and came about through the falling together of two declensions that were still different in [[Gothic language|Gothic]]: compare the Gothic '''-ei''' stems (a subclass of the weak declension, formed from adjectives, e.g. '''diupei''' "depth", genitive '''diupeins''', from '''diups''' "deep") and '''-eins''' stems (a subclass of the '''i-'''declension, formed from Class I weak verbs, e.g. '''dáupeins''' "a dipping", genitive '''dáupeináis''', from '''dáupjan''' "to dip").
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|}
|}
Examples of other members of this class: '''scōnī''' "beauty", '''suoẓẓī''' "sweetness", '''snëllī''' "quickness", '''tiufī''' "depth", '''menigī, managī''' "multitude", '''irstantanī''' "resurrection", '''toufī''' "a dipping", '''welī''' "choice", '''leitī''' "a leading", '''riudī''' "mange".
Examples of other members of this class: '''scōnī''' "beauty", '''suoẓẓī''' "sweetness", '''snëllī''' "quickness", '''tiufī''' "depth", '''menigī, managī''' "multitude", '''irstantanī''' "resurrection", '''toufī''' "a dipping", '''welī''' "choice", '''leitī''' "a leading", '''riudī''' "mange".
-->
==Adjectives==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Declension of attributive adjectives'''
! case || singular || plural
|-
! nom.
| ''þar mōr'''a''' bierg''<br/>''þī mōr'''a''' džāva'' || ''þī mōr'''an''' bierga'' <br/>''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''
|-
! acc.
| ''þana mōr'''an''' bierg''<br/>''þija mōr'''an''' džāva'' || ''þīr mōr'''an''' biergar'' <br/>''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''
|-
! dat.
| ''þammy mōr'''inь''' biergy''<br/>''þieraj mōr'''anь''' džāvaj'' || ''þym mōr'''am''' biergym'' <br/>''þȳm mōr'''am''' džāvam''
|-
! gen.
| ''þas mōr'''inь''' bierges''<br/>''þierar mōr'''anь''' džāvar'' || ''þiera mōr'''an''' bierga''  <br/>''þiera mōr'''an''' džāva''
|-
|}
==Verbs==
===Class 1 weak verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''hȳlian'' 'to heal''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
|-
! present indicative
| ''hȳlia'' || ''hȳlir'' || ''hȳliþь'' || ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlindь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''hȳlia'' || ''hȳlis'' || ''hȳli'' ||  ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''hȳlida'' || ''hȳlider'' || ''hȳlide'' || ''hȳlidem'' || ''hȳlided'' || ''hȳliden''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidir'' || ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidim'' || ''hȳlidid'' || ''hȳlidin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''hȳli!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''hȳliþ!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlind''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlid''
|}
===Class 2 weak verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''liovan'' 'to love''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
|-
! present indicative
| ''liova'' || ''liovar'' || ''liovaþь'' || ''liovam'' || ''liovaþ'' || ''liovandь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''liova'' || ''liovas'' || ''liova'' ||  ''liovam'' || ''liovaþ'' || ''liovan''
|-
! past indicative
| ''liovada'' || ''liovader'' || ''liovade'' || ''liovadem'' || ''liovaded'' || ''liovaden''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''liovadi'' || ''liovadir'' || ''liovadi'' || ''liovadim'' || ''liovadid'' || ''liovadin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''liova!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''liovaþ!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''liovand''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''liovad''
|}
===Class 3 weak verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''sparin'' 'to spare''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
|-
! present indicative
| ''havia'' ||  || ''hȳliþь'' || ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlindь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''hȳlia'' || ''hȳlis'' || ''hȳli'' ||  ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''hȳlida'' || ''hȳlider'' || ''hȳlide'' || ''hȳlidem'' || ''hȳlided'' || ''hȳliden''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidir'' || ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidim'' || ''hȳlidid'' || ''hȳlidin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''hȳli!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''hȳliþ!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlind''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlid''
|}
===Strong verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wrītyn'' 'to write''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''
|-
! present indicative
| ''wrīta'' || ''wrītirь'' || ''wrītidь'' || ''wrītym'' || ''wrītid'' || ''wrītyndь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''wrīta'' || ''wrītyr'' || ''wrīty'' ||  ''wrītym'' || ''wrītyd'' || ''wrītyn''
|-
! past indicative
| ''wrȳt'' || ''wrȳst'' || ''wrȳt'' || ''writym'' || ''writyd'' || ''writyn''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''writi'' || ''writir'' || ''writi'' || ''writim'' || ''writid'' || ''writin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''wrīt!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''wrītyd!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''wrītynd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''writyn''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''čeusyn'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''
|-
! present indicative
| ''čeusa'' || ''čiusir'' || ''čiusiþь'' || ''čeusym'' || ''čiusid'' || ''čeusyndь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''čeusa'' || ''čeusyr'' || ''čeusy'' ||  ''čeusym'' || ''čeusyd'' || ''čeusyn''
|-
! past
| ''kaus'' || ''kaust'' || ''kaus'' || ''kurym'' || ''kuryd'' || ''kuryn''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''kuri'' || ''kurir'' || ''kuri'' || ''kurim'' || ''kurid'' || ''kurin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''čiusь!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''čiusid!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''čeusynd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''kuryn''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bindyn'' 'to bind''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''
|-
! present indicative
| ''binda'' || ''bindirь'' || ''bindiþь'' || ''bindym'' || ''bindid'' || ''bindyndь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''binda'' || ''bindyr'' || ''bindy'' ||  ''bindym'' || ''bindyd'' || ''bindyn''
|-
! past
| ''band'' || ''banst'' || ''band'' || ''bundym'' || ''bundyd'' || ''bundyn''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''bundi'' || ''bundir'' || ''bundi'' || ''bundim'' || ''bundid'' || ''bundin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindid!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bindynd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''bundyn''
|}


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Þiúdьsk]][[Category:Þiúdic languages]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]
==Syntax==
Unlike Modern Thedish, Middle Thedish syntax was almost exactly like German: V2 in independent clauses, verb-final in dependent clauses.
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Þiúsьk]][[Category:Þiúdic languages]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]

Latest revision as of 15:12, 8 May 2023

Phonology

Consonants

  • p b f v
  • t d þ ð
  • č dž š
  • k g h
  • s z
  • m n l r j
  • ь

Vowels

a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ ы io iu ə

In unstressed syllables: a ə i vs ia iə i

Nouns

Strong vocalic declensions

The -a declension

This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

dag; daga
day m. 		čind; činda
child n.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative þer dag – þī daga –a þet čind – þija činda –a
Accusative þina dag – þīr dagar –ar þet čind – þija činda –a
Genitive þes dages –es þiera daga –a þes čindes –es þiera činda –a
Dative þimmy dagy –y þȳm dagym –ym þimmy čindy –y þȳm čindym –ym
Instrumental þina daga –a -- -- þina činda –a -- --

Examples of masculine nouns declined like dag "day": bierg "mountain", vieg "way", gȳst "spirit", kuning "king".

The -ja declension

This declension was really just the -a declension with a j immediately preceding. However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain -a declension. Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.

This declension has as counterparts the second declension nouns in (-ius/-ium) of Latin. The counterparts in Greek are some second declension nouns in (-ios/-ion), as well as many that show effects of palatalization (e.g., -zdos < *-gyos or *-dyos; -llos < *-lyos; -ptos < -*pyos; -ssos or -ttos < -*tyos; -airos/-eiros/-oiros < *-aryos/-eryos/-oryos; -ainos/-einos/-oinos < *-anyos/enyos/onyos; etc., and similarly for neuter nouns in -ion or *-yon). It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

hirdь; hirdia
herdsman, shephard m.
Singular Plural
Nominative þer hirdь –ь þī hirdia –ia
Accusative þina hirdь –ь þīr hirdiar –iar
Genitive þes hirdis –is þiera hirdia –ia
Dative þimmy hirdi –i þȳm hirdim –im
Instrumental hirdia –ia -- --

Sample nouns like hirdь: agent nouns in -arь (-aria), e.g. vahtarь (-aria) "watchman", lyrarь "teacher", andь "end", rīč "kingdom", badь "bed", getunž "language", þiūstarnys "darkness", herь "army" (genitive singular heries, dative singular heri).

The -wa declension

snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa
snow m. 		kneo; kneo
knee n.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative snȳw, snȳ – snȳwa –wa kneo –o, – kneo –o, –
Genitive snȳwys –wys snȳwa –wa knewys –wys knewa –wa
Dative snȳwy –wy snewym –ym knewy –wy knewym –ym

The -ō declension

This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.

džāva; džāvar
gift f.
Singular Plural
Nominative þī džāva –a þijar džāvar –ar
Accusative þija džāva –a þijar džāvar –ar
Genitive þierar džāvar –ar þiera džāva –a
Dative þieraj džāvaj –aj þȳm džāvam –am

Sample nouns of this declension: džāva "gift", jerþa "earth", ȳra "honor", tala "number", triwa "fidelity", korunga "temptation", hardiþa "hardness", mildiþa "compassion", ganāþa "favor", losiunga "deliverance", stunda "time".

Adjectives

Declension of attributive adjectives
case singular plural
nom. þar mōra bierg
þī mōra džāva		 þī mōran bierga
þijar mōran džāvar
acc. þana mōran bierg
þija mōran džāva		 þīr mōran biergar
þijar mōran džāvar
dat. þammy mōrinь biergy
þieraj mōranь džāvaj		 þym mōram biergym
þȳm mōram džāvam
gen. þas mōrinь bierges
þierar mōranь džāvar		 þiera mōran bierga
þiera mōran džāva

Verbs

Class 1 weak verbs

hȳlian 'to heal'
tense ik þū er/sī/et wīr jūr sia
present indicative hȳlia hȳlir hȳliþь hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlindь
present subjunctive hȳlia hȳlis hȳli hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlin
past indicative hȳlida hȳlider hȳlide hȳlidem hȳlided hȳliden
past subjunctive hȳlidi hȳlidir hȳlidi hȳlidim hȳlidid hȳlidin
imperative - hȳli! - - hȳliþ! -
present participle hȳlind
past participle hȳlid

Class 2 weak verbs

liovan 'to love'
tense ik þū er/sī/et wīr jūr sia
present indicative liova liovar liovaþь liovam liovaþ liovandь
present subjunctive liova liovas liova liovam liovaþ liovan
past indicative liovada liovader liovade liovadem liovaded liovaden
past subjunctive liovadi liovadir liovadi liovadim liovadid liovadin
imperative - liova! - - liovaþ! -
present participle liovand
past participle liovad

Class 3 weak verbs

sparin 'to spare'
tense ik þū er/sī/et wīr jūr sia
present indicative havia hȳliþь hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlindь
present subjunctive hȳlia hȳlis hȳli hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlin
past indicative hȳlida hȳlider hȳlide hȳlidem hȳlided hȳliden
past subjunctive hȳlidi hȳlidir hȳlidi hȳlidim hȳlidid hȳlidin
imperative - hȳli! - - hȳliþ! -
present participle hȳlind
past participle hȳlid

Strong verbs

wrītyn 'to write'
tense ik þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative wrīta wrītirь wrītidь wrītym wrītid wrītyndь
present subjunctive wrīta wrītyr wrīty wrītym wrītyd wrītyn
past indicative wrȳt wrȳst wrȳt writym writyd writyn
past subjunctive writi writir writi writim writid writin
imperative - wrīt! - - wrītyd! -
present participle wrītynd
past participle writyn


čeusyn 'to choose'
tense ik þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative čeusa čiusir čiusiþь čeusym čiusid čeusyndь
present subjunctive čeusa čeusyr čeusy čeusym čeusyd čeusyn
past kaus kaust kaus kurym kuryd kuryn
past subjunctive kuri kurir kuri kurim kurid kurin
imperative - čiusь! - - čiusid! -
present participle čeusynd
past participle kuryn


bindyn 'to bind'
tense ik þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative binda bindirь bindiþь bindym bindid bindyndь
present subjunctive binda bindyr bindy bindym bindyd bindyn
past band banst band bundym bundyd bundyn
past subjunctive bundi bundir bundi bundim bundid bundin
imperative - bind! - - bindid! -
present participle bindynd
past participle bundyn

Syntax

Unlike Modern Thedish, Middle Thedish syntax was almost exactly like German: V2 in independent clauses, verb-final in dependent clauses.

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