Kwenya Greek: Difference between revisions
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'''Kwenya | '''Kwenya''' (''kwenyá'', κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta. | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
== Diachronics == | |||
=== Proto-Kwenya === | |||
Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e{{raised}} ø/ | |||
=== Old Kwenya === | |||
η ω → iə uə | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = / | *μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/) | ||
*π τ κ = /p t k/ | *π τ κ = /p t k/ | ||
*β δ = / | *β δ = /β{{lowered}} ð{{lowered}}/ | ||
*φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | *φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | ||
*σ γ = /s h/ | *σ γ = /s h/ | ||
*ζ = /z/ | *ζ = /z/ | ||
*ρ λ = / | *ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/ | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja | α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ {{angbr|a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u}} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
Line 64: | Line 34: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Kwenya nouns have the following template: | |||
STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix) | |||
{| class=" | Kwenya lost gender. | ||
====Cases==== | |||
====Possessive suffixes==== | |||
γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ... | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|male | |||
|καλος<br/>kalor | |||
|rowspan=2|καλοι<br/>kale | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | !|female | ||
|καλη<br/>kalya | |||
|- | |||
!|inanimate | |||
|καλον<br/>kalon||καλα<br/>kala | |||
|- | |||
!|attributive | |||
|colspan="2"|καλ(ο)-<br/>kal(o)- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|male | ||
| | |καλοςων<br/>kalorun | ||
|rowspan=2|καλοντες<br/>kalontër | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|female | ||
| | |καληρα<br/>kalyara | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|inanimate | ||
| | |καλονον<br/>kalonon||καλαντα<br/>kalanta | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|attributive | ||
| | |colspan="2"|καλομοντ<br/>kalomont | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|{{ | !|active | ||
| | |καλοστι!<br/>kalosti!||καλοστε!<br/>kalostë! | ||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|male | ||
| | |ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar | ||
|rowspan=2|ευγενεις<br/>yuhënir | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|female | ||
|ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|inanimate | ||
| | |ευγενες<br/>yuhënër||ευγενη<br/>yuhënya | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|attributive | ||
| | |colspan="2"|ευγεν(ο)-<br/>yuhën(o)- | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|male | ||
| | |ευγενηςων<br/>yuhënyarun | ||
|rowspan=2|ευγενειντες<br/>yuhënintër | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|female | ||
| | |ευγενηςα<br/>yuhënyara | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|inanimate | ||
| | |ευγενεςον<br/>yuhënëron||ευγενηντα<br/>yuhënyanta | ||
|- | |||
!|attributive | |||
|colspan="2"|ευγενομοντ<br/>yuhënomont | |||
|} | |} | ||
== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|active | |||
|ευγενοστι!<br/>yuhënosti!||ευγενοστε!<br/>yuhënostë! | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Two voices: active, passive | |||
Principal parts: present stem, past stem | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present active | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|male | |||
|φαγων<br/>phahun | |||
|rowspan=2|φαγοντες<br/>phahontër | |||
|- | |||
!|female | |||
|φαγουςα<br/>phahũra | |||
|- | |||
!|inanimate | |||
|φαγον<br/>phahon||φαγοντα<br/>phahonta | |||
|- | |||
!|attributive | |||
|colspan="2"|φαγοντ<br/>phahont | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past active | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|male | |||
|φαγας<br/>phahar | |||
|rowspan=2|φαγαντες<br/>phahantër | |||
|- | |||
!|female | |||
|φαγαςα<br/>phahara | |||
|- | |||
!|inanimate | |||
|φαγαν<br/>phahan||φαγαντα<br/>phahanta | |||
|- | |||
!|attributive | |||
|colspan="2"|φαγας<br/>phahar | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative active | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|active | |||
|φαγε!<br/>phahë!||φαγετε!<br/>phahëtë! | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present passive | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|male | |||
|φαγομενος<br/>phahomënor | |||
|rowspan=2|φαγομενοι<br/>phahomëne | |||
|- | |||
!|female | |||
|φαγομενη<br/>phahomënya | |||
|- | |||
!|inanimate | |||
|φαγομενον<br/>phahomënon||φαγομενα<br/>phahomëna | |||
|- | |||
!|attributive | |||
|colspan="2"|φαγομεν<br/>phahomën | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past passive | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|male | |||
|φαγομενοςων<br/>phahamënorun | |||
|rowspan=2|φαγαμενοντες<br/>phahamënontër | |||
|- | |||
!|female | |||
|φαγομενηςα<br/>phahamënyara | |||
|- | |||
!|inanimate | |||
|φαγαμενονον<br/>phahamënonon||φαγαμεναντα<br/>phahamënanta | |||
|- | |||
!|attributive | |||
|colspan="2"|φαγομενομοντ<br/>phahomënomont | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|active | |||
|φαγομεστι!<br/>phahomësti!||φαγομεστε!<br/>phahomëstë! | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
===Numbers=== | |||
All numbers are indeclinable: | |||
1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka | |||
11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...) | |||
100: ëkaton | |||
1000: khilya | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Hellenic languages]] | [[Category:Hellenic languages]] |
Latest revision as of 14:21, 11 March 2023
Kwenya (kwenyá, κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.
Introduction
Diachronics
Proto-Kwenya
Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e̝ ø/
Old Kwenya
η ω → iə uə
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
- μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
- π τ κ = /p t k/
- β δ = /β̞ ð̞/
- φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
- σ γ = /s h/
- ζ = /z/
- ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/
Vowels
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ ⟨a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u⟩
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Kwenya nouns have the following template:
STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)
Kwenya lost gender.
Cases
Possessive suffixes
γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...
Adjectives
Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ
|
|
Verbs
Two voices: active, passive
Principal parts: present stem, past stem
|
|
Numbers
All numbers are indeclinable:
1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka
11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)
100: ëkaton
1000: khilya
Syntax
Constituent order
Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.