Proto-Quame: Difference between revisions

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[[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]]
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
 
Proto-Quihum is the reconstructed common ancestor of all [[Quihum languages]]. It's inspired by Salish languages and Proto-Indo-European. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Ancient Wiebian]], Thensarian, Naquian and Boot Polish.
==Todo==
[http://interiorsalish.com/nselxcinresources.html Nsəlxcin Resources]
 
*ablaut patterns
**combine with stress shifting rules?
**also use sonorant metathesis for descendants
*determiner endings
*verbs
*derivational morphology
*Use shorter words
*there's a lot of nt's and st's - too much?
*''-əlx'' is gibby
*''-p'' could disappear/CL in both Pf and Tal
*Cluster resolution - 1st and last consonant or second-to-last and last?
*potential non-Salish clusters: ''mb, nd, ng, ngʷ, nz, nλ''
*s-mobile
*shit, will I need a nasal infix?! (maybe just a {{angbr|ʕ}}-infix - turns to nasalization in Pf and Tal)
 
===Morphemes===
*''sta='' = more
*''-s'' = verbal noun
**Thensarian infinitive ''-s'';
**Wiebian verbal noun ''-s''
*''-x'' = 2sg imperative
*''-aʔ, -ix'' = nominal affixes?
**Wiebian ''-e'', ''<sup>U</sup>-e''
*''-lx'' = place nouns?
**Wiebian ''-er''
**Thensarian ''-ly-m''?
*''ʔal'' and ''ʔalʼ'' 'at, near' as variants
**Wiebian ''er'' 'for' and Thensarian ''ar'' 'and'
*''t-'' = (interrogative morpheme)
**Wiebian ''das'' words
**Thensarian ''tēs'' 'who' and ''tas'' 'what'
*''kʷ-'' = we, our (inc); emphatic; also 'here' (inc)?
**the ''kʷi'' in ''kʷix̌əmʼ''?
**Wiebian ''was'' words
**Thensarian ''cēs'' 'this man' (sounds like Clofab ''cesin''!)
*''nikʷt-s'' = 'thing' (< carry)?
**Tíogall ''ní'' 'thing; not' < Thn. ''nīs'' (idem)
**Wiebian ''nicht, nichts'' 'indeed'
*''kastʼ'' = 'accompany'
**Wiebian ''Heste'' 'wife'
*''əyn'' = determiner
**Wiebian ''ein'' (article)
*''hay!'' = vocative
**Wiebian ''ei''
*''-x̌ulʼ'' = dual? augmentative? collective?
*''-dxʷ'' = nominalizer?
**Wiebian ''-t'' nouns
*''-ił'' (m) = nominalization
*''-x̌ał'' = adjective suffix?
*''nəx̌'' = 'I'
**Wiebian ''nu'', Thensarian ''nā''
 
==Overview==
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ by Sjawu Panzux, and is now accepted by the majority of scholars.<ref>Panzux, Sj. ''Fóidilinn le caoigháthadh an Cvicham''</ref> Languages such as [[Adetsib]] have the most archaic consonant inventories.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
| '''*mʼ''' /mˀ/
| '''*nʼ''' /nˀ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*t'''
|
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*d'''
|
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''*s'''
| '''*ł''' /ɬ/
|
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*x̌''' /χ/
| '''*x̌ʷ''' /χʷ/
| '''*h'''
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| '''*c''' /ts/
| '''*ƛ''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''*z''' /dz/
| '''*λ''' /dɮ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| '''*cʼ''' /tsʼ/
| '''*ƛʼ''' /tɬʼ/
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Resonant
! |<small>plain</small>
|
|
| '''*l'''
| '''*y''' /j/
|
| '''*w'''
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
|
|
| '''*lʼ''' /lˀ/
| '''*yʼ''' /jˀ/
|
| '''*wʼ''' /wˀ/
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i'''
|
| '''*u'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''*ə'''
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a'''
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
Stress was phonemic.
 
===Phonotactics===
Rules:
*When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
*''ł-x̌ʷ'' = 'be'
*''x̌-nʼ'' = 'live'
*''k-p'' = 'eat'
*''ƛ-y'' = 'grab, capture'
**Wb. ''Seime'' = hand < ŝīmō < ''ƛiy-m-aʔ''
**Wb. ''Sitte'' = property < ''ƛyə-dxʷ''
*''q-s-tʼ'' = 'friend, companion'
*''n-kʷ'' = 'up'
 
===Determiners===
The characteristic inflection of determiners could be a relic of an older word order where prepositions were inserted between an adjective and the following noun (cf. ''magnā '''cum''' laude'').
 
Should have some syncretism
 
can spam laryngeals and clusters
 
*r < PQ nʼ, wʼ, lʼ, l (+clusters)
*m < PQ m, mʼ (+clusters)
*n < PQ n (+clusters)
*s < PQ tʼ, s, c, cʼ
*e < PQ laryngeals, -ł, -i, -p, u?
*-0 < PQ -0, -p, -a, -ə
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''Ahn'' 'father' - masculine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indef. nom.
| ''eine Ahn'' || ''einen Ahn''
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''ein Ahn'' || '' einer Ahn''
|-
! Indef. acc.
| ''ein Ahn'' || ''einer Ahn''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''einem Ahn'' || ''eines Ahn''
|-
! Indef. gen.
| {{recon|''-əm''}} || ''eines Ahn''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''eine Ahn'' || ''einen Ahn''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''Mahl'' 'mother' - feminine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indef. nom.
| ''einem Mahl'' || ''eines Mahl''
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''eine Mahl'' || '' einen Mahl''
|-
! Indef. acc.
| {{recon|''-x̌''}} || ''einen Mahl''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''ein Mahl'' || ''einer Mahl''
|-
! Indef. gen.
| ''ein Mahl'' || ''einer Mahl''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''einem Mahl'' || ''eines Mahl''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''Ŧeib'' 'chalice' - neuter
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Indef. nom.
| ''ein Ŧeib'' || ''einer Ŧeib''
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''einem Ŧeib'' || '' eines Ŧeib''
|-
! Indef. acc.
| ''einem Ŧeib'' || ''eines Ŧeib''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''eine Ŧeib'' || ''einen Ŧeib''
|-
! Indef. gen.
| ''eine Ŧeib'' || ''einen Ŧeib''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''ein Ŧeib'' || ''einer Ŧeib''
|}
 
===Nominals===
Collectives were formed by reduplication (like the plural in Salish languages).
 
Plural: ''kawʼqs'' 'raven' > ''kákəwʼqs'' or ''kəkáwʼqs'' 'ravens, all ravens' (the former is thought to be the older form)
 
===Pronouns===
''bi-'': transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
 
====Ablaut grades====
*present: a-grade
*preterite: i-grade
*stative: u-grade?
*verbal noun: 0-grade
 
====TAM affixes====
*''-x'' - 2sg imperative
**{{recon|''miʔdx''}} = 'give!'
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
Subject markers:
*1sg: -n
*2sg: -y'
*3sg.m: -m
*3sg.f: -c
*3sg.n: -0
*1pl.ex: -maʔ
*2pl: -tkʷ
*3pl: -ti
 
Object markers:
*1sg: n-
*2sg: l'-
*3 (animate): b-
*3 (neuter): k-
*1pl.ex: m-
*1pl.in: d-
*2pl: c'-
 
==Some etymologies==
*1: *x̌əmʼ; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
**''kʷíx̌əmʼ'' or ''kʷix̌ə́mʼ''?
*2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
*3: *nazg
*4: *λawpʼ
*5: *calił
*6: *sta-x̌əmʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
*7: *nʼəxʷd
*8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
*9: *pʼalʼgʷ
*10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ulʼ
*step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
*stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
*water: *yənqʷʼ
*day: *m’ul
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]

Latest revision as of 03:39, 23 July 2018

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