Gur language: Difference between revisions
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| kar-ȋ || kar-an || kar-ain | | kar-ȋ || kar-an || kar-ain | ||
|} | |} | ||
If the stem does not end in vowel + ''l, n, r, χ'', the dative plural ending is '''-ȇsi'''. | If the stem does not end in vowel + ''l, n, r, ś, χ'', the dative plural ending is '''-ȇsi'''. | ||
=====Neuter nouns===== | =====Neuter nouns===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | ||
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| śendil-ȋ || śendil-an || śendil-ain | | śendil-ȋ || śendil-an || śendil-ain | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Third declension | ====Third declension==== | ||
=====Masculine and feminine nouns===== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan="4" | '''Third declension: ''drenis,'' m., f. (deer)''' | ! colspan="4" | '''Third declension: ''drenis,'' m., f. (deer)''' | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| dren-ȋ || dren-an || dren-ain | | dren-ȋ || dren-an || dren-ain | ||
|} | |||
=====Neuter nouns===== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | '''Third declension: ''mendu,'' n. (house)''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| mend-u || mend-in || mend-un | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| mend-as || mend-an || mend-ain | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| mend-ȋ || mend-ȃni || mend-ȇsi | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| mend-u || mend-in || mend-un | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| mend-ak || mend-am || mend-ais | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| mend-ȋ || mend-an || mend-ain | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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:''Kurȃdan enȗ kes kan helnȋ | :''Kurȃdan enȗ kes kan helnȋ | ||
:''zan aśtu ȃ hurtȋ juśȃta. | :''zan aśtu ȃ hurtȋ juśȃta. | ||
:''Beki bȋain | :''Beki ekhilaki bȋain bȋsi ekhilas kena | ||
:''si diχkȃdan bȋain bȋsi dakaśkena, | :''si diχkȃdan bȋain bȋsi dakaśkena, | ||
:''kes bȋes lodȃśsi bȋain dakaśkenȃmi. | :''kes bȋes lodȃśsi bȋain dakaśkenȃmi. |
Latest revision as of 17:05, 13 February 2017
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||
Fricative | s z | ʃ | x | h | ||
Trill | r | |||||
Lateral approximant | l | |||||
Approximant | j | w |
Note:
- The consonants /j/ and /w/ are analyzed as non-vocalic vowels /i̯/ and /u̯/.
- N is pronounced /ŋ/ before velar consonants.
Vowels
Gur has a simple system of five vowels, which can be either short or long.
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɛː | ɔ | ɔː | ||
Open | a | aː |
Stress
Words are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. The stress falls on the penultimate syllable if the last syllable has a long vowel or the penult is heavy. A syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or in a vowel and a consonant.
Grammar
Nouns
First declension
Masculine nouns
First declension: aχkas, m. (boy) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | aχk-as | aχk-in | aχk-ai |
Genitive | aχk-ȗ | aχk-an | aχk-ain |
Dative | aχk-ȋ | aχk-ȃni | aχk-ȃsi |
Accusative | aχk-i | aχk-ȇni | aχk-un |
Ablative | aχk-ak | aχk-am | aχk-ais |
Locative | aχk-ȋ | aχk-an | aχk-ain |
The vocative case (used to address someone in direct speech) is identical to the nominative form, except in the masculine singular of the first declension (-as → -e).
Feminine nouns in -a
First declension: miwa, f. (tongue, language) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | miw-a | miw-in | miw-ai |
Genitive | miw-ȗ | miw-an | miw-ain |
Dative | miw-ȋ | miw-ȃni | miw-ȃsi |
Accusative | miw-u | miw-ȇs | miw-es |
Ablative | miw-ak | miw-am | miw-ais |
Locative | miw-ȋ | miw-an | miw-ain |
Feminine nouns in -ȋa
First declension: mantȋa, f. (blackberry) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | mant-ȋa | mant-ȋn | mant-ȋes |
Genitive | mant-iȗ | mant-ȋan | mant-ȋain |
Dative | mant-ȋ | mant-iȃni | mant-ȋsi |
Accusative | mant-ȋu | mant-ȋs | mant-ȋes |
Ablative | mant-ȋak | mant-ȋam | mant-ȋais |
Locative | mant-ȋ | mant-ȋan | mant-ȋain |
Neuter nouns
First declension: luri, n. (evening) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | lur-i | lur-in | lur-ia |
Genitive | lur-ȗ | lur-an | lur-ain |
Dative | lur-ȋ | lur-ȃni | lur-ȃsi |
Accusative | lur-i | lur-in | lur-ia |
Ablative | lur-ak | lur-am | lur-ais |
Locative | lur-ȋ | lur-an | lur-ain |
Second declension
Masculine and feminine nouns
Second declension: kar, m. (fish) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | kar | kar-in | kar-un |
Genitive | kar-as | kar-an | kar-ain |
Dative | kar-ȋ | kar-ȃni | kar-si |
Accusative | kar-u | kar-in | kar-un |
Ablative | kar-ak | kar-am | kar-ais |
Locative | kar-ȋ | kar-an | kar-ain |
If the stem does not end in vowel + l, n, r, ś, χ, the dative plural ending is -ȇsi.
Neuter nouns
Second declension: śendil, n. (wing) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | śendil | śendil-in | śendil-un |
Genitive | śendil-as | śendil-an | śendil-ain |
Dative | śendil-ȋ | śendil-ȃni | śendil-si |
Accusative | śendil | śendil-in | śendil-un |
Ablative | śendil-ak | śendil-am | śendil-ais |
Locative | śendil-ȋ | śendil-an | śendil-ain |
Third declension
Masculine and feminine nouns
Third declension: drenis, m., f. (deer) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | dren-is | dren-in | dren-un |
Genitive | dren-as | dren-an | dren-ain |
Dative | dren-ȋ | dren-ȃni | dren-si |
Accusative | dren-u | dren-in | dren-un |
Ablative | dren-ak | dren-am | dren-ais |
Locative | dren-ȋ | dren-an | dren-ain |
Neuter nouns
Third declension: mendu, n. (house) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
Nominative | mend-u | mend-in | mend-un |
Genitive | mend-as | mend-an | mend-ain |
Dative | mend-ȋ | mend-ȃni | mend-ȇsi |
Accusative | mend-u | mend-in | mend-un |
Ablative | mend-ak | mend-am | mend-ais |
Locative | mend-ȋ | mend-an | mend-ain |
Adjectives
Types
First-declension adjectives are declined like first-declension nouns for the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms; for example, olmas, olma, olmi “holy, sacred”.
Second-declension adjectives are declined like second-declension nouns. They have one form for the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular (such as raś “green”).
Comparative and superlative forms
Comparison of adjectives is formed by suffixing. Adjectives have three degrees: positive (the normal form of the adjectives), comparative, and superlative.
The suffixes are:
- comparative: -ial / -al (olmial, raśal)
- superlative: -ȇmas, -ȇma, -ȇmi (olmȇmas, raśȇmas)
The suffix -eg- corresponds to “too”; for example, olmegas “too holy”.
Adverbs
Types
A first-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding -ȃ onto its base (olmȃ). A second-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding -en onto its base (raśen).
Comparative and superlative forms
The comparative is made in the same way in which the comparison of the adjective is formed (olmial). However, adverbs from second-declension adjectives form the comparative by using an additional infix (raśawal).
Both types of adverbs have regular superlative forms (olmȇmȃ, raśȇmȃ).
Verbs
The infinitive of the verb ends in -ȃn.
Indicative
Active voice
Person | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | -a-m | -ȃ-mi |
2nd | -a-s | -ȃ-si |
3rd | -a-t | -ȃ-ti |
Passive voice
In the passive voice, the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the doer) of the action denoted by the verb.
The passive voice is made up of the passive participle of the main verb and a form of the auxiliary verb ejȃn “to be”, such as miś śarbamȇnas jam “I am beloved”.
Middle voice
The middle voice is in the middle between the active and the passive voices because the subject cannot be categorized as either agent or patient but may have elements of both; for example, nȗbȃn “to sweat”.
Person | Singular | Dual/Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | -ȃ-ma | -ȃ-mai |
2nd | -ȃ-sa | -ȃ-sai |
3rd | -ȃ-ta | -ȃ-tai |
Subjunctive
The subjunctive is used for statements contrary to fact. It can be formed from the indicative mood by replacing the vowel -a- (-ȃ-) with -e- (-ȇ-); for example, miś zalem “I would sing”.
Tenses
The verbs are conjugated in six main tenses (present, past, and future imperfect and perfect, respectively). The perfect tenses are formed by adding the imperfect tenses of the verb ejȃn onto the main verb.
Tense | Imperfect | Perfect |
---|---|---|
Present | -a-m | -a-jam |
Past | -ȇs-a-m | -a-siam |
Future | -ȇr-a-m | -a-χam |
Derivational morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Word order is subject–object–verb.
Dependent clauses
Example texts
The Lord's Prayer
Men bȋain (“Our Father”)
- Men bȋain kan helnȋ,
- jośtas enȗ olmeśamȇnas juśȃta.
- Hudhurta enȗ ermuśat.
- Kurȃdan enȗ kes kan helnȋ
- zan aśtu ȃ hurtȋ juśȃta.
- Beki ekhilaki bȋain bȋsi ekhilas kena
- si diχkȃdan bȋain bȋsi dakaśkena,
- kes bȋes lodȃśsi bȋain dakaśkenȃmi.
- Si niś bȋun mȋ berzeltuśas,
- saχ bȋun ber ruzak kanzalmeśa.