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'''Kwenya''' (''Κοινη'') is a Finnic-influenced Hellenic language.
'''Kwenya''' (''kwenyá'', κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.
 
1-10: ir (m)/mia (f)/eon (n), dwi, trir (m/f)/tria (n), teottareol, peonta, eosta, eowta, ohta, eonnaa, deoka
11-20: eondyutru, dwidyutru, tridyutru, tettareodyutru, peontadyutru, eostadyutru, ... ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second, two of the second, ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)
100: eokaton
1000: khilaa
 
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
== Diachronics ==
 
=== Proto-Kwenya ===
<!-- Example categories/headings:
Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e{{raised}} ø/
 
Goals
Setting
Inspiration


-->
=== Old Kwenya ===
η ω → iə uə


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*β δ = /b d/
*β δ = /β{{lowered}} ð{{lowered}}/
*φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*σ γ = /s h/
*σ γ = /s h/
*ζ = /z/
*ζ = /z/
*ϝ ρ λ = /w r l/
*ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i we u/
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ {{angbr|a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u}}


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Always initial stress


====Intonation====
====Intonation====
Line 64: Line 34:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
nom/acc/gen/voc + Finnic-style cases. No articles or gender due to Finnic influence.
Kwenya nouns have the following template:
 
STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)
 
Kwenya lost gender.
====Cases====


Principal parts: nominative, accusative, genitive, vocative singular; nominative, accusative, genitive plural
====Possessive suffixes====
γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...


===Adjectives===
Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''γλωσσα'' 'tongue, language' (1st decl.)
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
!|male
|''γλωσσα''||''γλωσσαι''
|καλος<br/>kalor
|rowspan=2|καλοι<br/>kale
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
!|female
|''γλωσσα!''||''γλωσσαι!''
|καλη<br/>kalya
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
!|inanimate
|''γλωσσαν''||''γλωσσαρ''
|καλον<br/>kalon||καλα<br/>kala
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
!|attributive
|''γλωσσαρ'' ||''γλωσσων''
|colspan="2"|καλ(ο)-<br/>kal(o)-
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|''γλωσσανειρ'' ||''γλωσσαρειρ''
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
!|male
|''γλωσσανδο'' ||''γλωσσωνενδο''
|καλοςων<br/>kalorun
|rowspan=2|καλοντες<br/>kalontër
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
!|female
|''γλωσσαξε'' ||''γλωσσωνεξε''
|καληρα<br/>kalyara
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
!|inanimate
|''γλωσσαρειτ'' ||''γλωσσωνειτ''
|καλονον<br/>kalonon||καλαντα<br/>kalanta
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
!|attributive
|''γλωσσαβαι'' ||''γλωσσωμβαι''
|colspan="2"|καλομοντ<br/>kalomont
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|''γλωσσαμπο'' ||''γλωσσαπο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''γλωσσαδω'' ||''γλωσσωνδω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''γλωσσαπρε'' ||''γλωσσωμπρε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''γλωσσανειν'' ||''γλωσσαρειν''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''γλωσσαρχω'' ||''γλωσσωγχω''
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
!|active
|''γλωσσαρμε'' ||''γλωσσωμμε''
|καλοστι!<br/>kalosti!||καλοστε!<br/>kalostë!
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''οικορ'' 'house' (2nd decl. m.)
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
!|male
|''οικορ''||''οικοι''
|ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar
|rowspan=2|ευγενεις<br/>yuhënir
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
!|female
|''οικε!''||''οικοι!''
|ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
!|inanimate
|''οικον''||''οικουρ''
|ευγενες<br/>yuhënër||ευγενη<br/>yuhënya
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
!|attributive
|''οικου'' ||''οικων''
|colspan="2"|ευγεν(ο)-<br/>yuhën(o)-
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|''οικονειρ'' ||''οικουρειρ''
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
!|male
|''οικουνδο'' ||''οικωνενδο''
|ευγενηςων<br/>yuhënyarun
|rowspan=2|ευγενειντες<br/>yuhënintër
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
!|female
|''οικουξε'' ||''οικοωνεξε''
|ευγενηςα<br/>yuhënyara
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
!|inanimate
|''οικουειτ'' ||''οικωνειτ''
|ευγενεςον<br/>yuhënëron||ευγενηντα<br/>yuhënyanta
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
!|attributive
|''οικουβαι'' ||''οικωμβαι''
|colspan="2"|ευγενομοντ<br/>yuhënomont
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|''οικομπο'' ||''οικουπο''
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
!|active
|''οικουδω'' ||''οικωνδω''
|ευγενοστι!<br/>yuhënosti!||ευγενοστε!<br/>yuhënostë!
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''οικουπρε'' ||''οικωμπρε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''οικονειν'' ||''οικουρειν''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''οικουχω'' ||''οικωγχω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''οικουμε'' ||''οικωμμε''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
===Verbs===
Two voices: active, passive
Principal parts: present stem, past stem
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''δωρον'' 'gift' (2nd decl. n.)
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
!|male
|''δωρον''||''δωρα''
|φαγων<br/>phahun
|rowspan=2|φαγοντες<br/>phahontër
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
!|female
|''δωρον!''||''δωρα!''
|φαγουςα<br/>phahũra
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
!|inanimate
|''δωρον''||''δωρα''
|φαγον<br/>phahon||φαγοντα<br/>phahonta
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''δωρου'' ||''δωρων''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''δωρονειρ'' ||''δωραειρ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''δωρουνδο'' ||''δωρωνενδο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''δωρουξε'' ||''δωρωνεξε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''δωρουειτ'' ||''δωρωνειτ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''δωρουβαι'' ||''δωρωμβαι''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''δωρομπο'' ||''δωραπο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''δωρουδω'' ||''δωρωνδω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''δωρουπρε'' ||''δωρωμπρε''
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
!|attributive
|''δωρονειν'' ||''δωραειν''
|colspan="2"|φαγοντ<br/>phahont
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''δωρουχω'' ||''δωρωγχω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''δωρουμε'' ||''δωρωμμε''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
 
|+ ''πολιρ'' 'city' (3nd decl. m./f.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
!|male
|''πολιρ''||''πολερ''
|φαγας<br/>phahar
|rowspan=2|φαγαντες<br/>phahantër
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
!|female
|''πολι!''||''πολερ!''
|φαγαςα<br/>phahara
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
!|inanimate
|''πολιν''||''πολερ''
|φαγαν<br/>phahan||φαγαντα<br/>phahanta
|-
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
!|attributive
|''πολιωρ'' ||''πολιων''
|colspan="2"|φαγας<br/>phahar
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''πολινειρ'' ||''πολερειρ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''πολιωνδο'' ||''πολιωνενδο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''πολιωξε'' ||''πολιωνεξε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''πολιωρειτ'' ||''πολιωνειτ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''πολιωβαι'' ||''πολιωμβαι''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''πολιμπο'' ||''πολεπο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''πολιωδω'' ||''πολιωνδω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''πολιωπρε'' ||''πολιωμπρε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''πολινειν'' ||''πολερειν''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''πολιωχω'' ||''πολιωγχω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''πολιωμε'' ||''πολιωμμε''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


===Adjectives===
 
{{col-begin}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{{col-break}}
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''καλορ'' 'good' (1st/2nd decl.)
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Attributive
!|active
|colspan="2"|''καλ(ο)-''
|φαγε!<br/>phahë!||φαγετε!<br/>phahëtë!
|-
!|Predicative (male)
|''καλορ''||''καλοι''
|-
!|Predicative (female)
|''καλη''||''καλαι''
|-
!|Predicative (inanimate)
|''καλον''||''καλα''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ευγενηρ'' 'polite' (3nd decl.)
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Attributive
!|male
|colspan="2"|''ευγεν(ο)-''
|φαγομενος<br/>phahomënor
|rowspan=2|φαγομενοι<br/>phahomëne
|-
|-
!|Predicative (male)
!|female
|''ευγενηρ''||''ευγενειρ''
|φαγομενη<br/>phahomënya
|-
|-
!|Predicative (female)
!|inanimate
|''ευγενηρ''||''ευγενειρ''
|φαγομενον<br/>phahomënon||φαγομενα<br/>phahomëna
|-
|-
!|Predicative (inanimate)
!|attributive
|''ευγενερ''||''ευγενη''
|colspan="2"|φαγομεν<br/>phahomën
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verbs===
 
Uses just participles.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{{col-begin}}
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past passive
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - present active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγων''||''φαγοντερ''
|φαγομενοςων<br/>phahamënorun
|rowspan=2|φαγαμενοντες<br/>phahamënontër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγουρα''||''φαγουραι''
|φαγομενηςα<br/>phahamënyara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγον''||''φαγοντα''/''φαγα''
|φαγαμενονον<br/>phahamënonon||φαγαμεναντα<br/>phahamënanta
|-
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|φαγομενομοντ<br/>phahomënomont
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
 
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - past active
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|active
|''φαγαρ''||''φαγαντερ''
|φαγομεστι!<br/>phahomësti!||φαγομεστε!<br/>phahomëstë!
|-
!|female
|''φαγαρα''||''φαγαραι''
|-
!|inanimate
|''φαγαν''||''φαγαντα''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
===Numbers===
All numbers are indeclinable:
1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka
11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)
100: ëkaton
1000: khilya


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The unmarked word order is SOV, genitive-noun, adjective noun, noun-relative clause, noun-adposition.
Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===

Latest revision as of 14:21, 11 March 2023

Kwenya (kwenyá, κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.

Introduction

Diachronics

Proto-Kwenya

Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e̝ ø/

Old Kwenya

η ω → iə uə

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
  • π τ κ = /p t k/
  • β δ = /β̞ ð̞/
  • φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • σ γ = /s h/
  • ζ = /z/
  • ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/

Vowels

α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ ⟨a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u⟩

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Kwenya nouns have the following template: 

STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)

Kwenya lost gender.

Cases

Possessive suffixes

γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...

Adjectives

Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
Singular Plural
male καλος
kalor 		καλοι
kale
female καλη
kalya
inanimate καλον
kalon		 καλα
kala
attributive καλ(ο)-
kal(o)-


καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male καλοςων
kalorun 		καλοντες
kalontër
female καληρα
kalyara
inanimate καλονον
kalonon		 καλαντα
kalanta
attributive καλομοντ
kalomont


καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active καλοστι!
kalosti!		 καλοστε!
kalostë!

ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
Singular Plural
male ευγενης
yuhënyar 		ευγενεις
yuhënir
female ευγενης
yuhënyar
inanimate ευγενες
yuhënër		 ευγενη
yuhënya
attributive ευγεν(ο)-
yuhën(o)-


ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male ευγενηςων
yuhënyarun 		ευγενειντες
yuhënintër
female ευγενηςα
yuhënyara
inanimate ευγενεςον
yuhënëron		 ευγενηντα
yuhënyanta
attributive ευγενομοντ
yuhënomont


ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active ευγενοστι!
yuhënosti!		 ευγενοστε!
yuhënostë!


Verbs

Two voices: active, passive

Principal parts: present stem, past stem

φαγων 'eat' - present active
Singular Plural
male φαγων
phahun 		φαγοντες
phahontër
female φαγουςα
phahũra
inanimate φαγον
phahon		 φαγοντα
phahonta
attributive φαγοντ
phahont


φαγων 'eat' - past active
Singular Plural
male φαγας
phahar 		φαγαντες
phahantër
female φαγαςα
phahara
inanimate φαγαν
phahan		 φαγαντα
phahanta
attributive φαγας
phahar


φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
Singular Plural
active φαγε!
phahë!		 φαγετε!
phahëtë!


φαγων 'eat' - present passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενος
phahomënor 		φαγομενοι
phahomëne
female φαγομενη
phahomënya
inanimate φαγομενον
phahomënon		 φαγομενα
phahomëna
attributive φαγομεν
phahomën


φαγων 'eat' - past passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενοςων
phahamënorun 		φαγαμενοντες
phahamënontër
female φαγομενηςα
phahamënyara
inanimate φαγαμενονον
phahamënonon		 φαγαμεναντα
phahamënanta
attributive φαγομενομοντ
phahomënomont


φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
Singular Plural
active φαγομεστι!
phahomësti!		 φαγομεστε!
phahomëstë!


Numbers

All numbers are indeclinable:

1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka

11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)

100: ëkaton

1000: khilya

Syntax

Constituent order

Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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