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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Íscégon | |name = Íscégon | ||
| | |nativename = cérosiu íscégunús | ||
|pronunciation = [ | |pronunciation = [ˈkeːrosju iːsˈkeːɡunuːs] | ||
|region = Most of Western Evandor | |region = Most of Western Evandor | ||
|ethnicity = Iscegons | |ethnicity = Iscegons | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
|script = Íscégon script | |script = Íscégon script | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Íscégon language''', natively '' | [[File:Evandorian languages in Evandor.png|thumb|Present-day [[Evandorian languages]]: those shown in ochre are Íscégon's descendants. ''Kierışpası'' (in yellow) descends from Ancient Quanarian, a Central Evandorian language closely related to Íscégon.]] | ||
First spoken in central Évandor, in present-day Northern Ceria, where it developed from Proto-Common Evandorian, it was the language spread across most of the continent by the ancient ''Íscégon Empire''; for a long time after imperial times it still was the main language of culture of the whole continent and nowadays it still has - along with ancient Nivarese, the language of ancient Nivaren - an important role in learned terminology in all Evandorian civilizations and, through influence of [[Cerian]], a descendant of Íscégon which has become through colonization the lingua franca in most of Calémere, in most languages of the planet. | The '''Íscégon language''', natively ''cérosiu íscégunús'' [ˈkeːrosju iːsˈkeːɡunuːs]<!--(Cerian: ''esucéon'', ''sérešu esucéoné''; Besagren: ''issèu'', ''cèrissu issèunu'')-->, is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]], the main Classical language in the Western civilizations of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]].<br/> | ||
First spoken in central Évandor, in present-day Northern Ceria, where it developed from Proto-Common Evandorian, it was the language spread across most of the continent by the ancient ''Íscégon Empire''; for a long time after imperial times it still was the main language of culture of the whole continent and nowadays it still has - along with [[ancient Nivarese]], the language of ancient Nivaren - an important role in learned terminology in all Evandorian civilizations and, through influence of [[Cerian]] (Ísc.: ''Ciairegiion''; Cer.: ''Čérízon''), a descendant of Íscégon which has become through colonization the lingua franca in most of Calémere, in most languages of the planet. | |||
As a Central Evandorian language, Íscégon shares many features with Ancient Quanarian (like definiteness of nouns expressed in verbs, only found in Central Evandorian and in Auralic (Southern)) as well as with most other languages of the family (except for the most divergent ones like Holenagic and to a lesser extent the Northern Evandorian languages), like the two-gender system, the lack of verbs declining for person, and SVO word order. However, | As a Central Evandorian language, Íscégon shares many features with Ancient Quanarian (like definiteness of nouns expressed in verbs, only found in Central Evandorian and in Auralic (Southern)) as well as with most other languages of the family (except for the most divergent ones like Holenagic and to a lesser extent the Northern Evandorian languages), like the two-gender system, the lack of verbs declining for person, and SVO word order. However, unlike other Central Evandorian languages (but like most other Evandorian ones), it has lost the vowel harmony characteristic of Proto-Evandorian, in the Íscégon case for a large number of vowel changes, mergers, and insertions that disrupted the original vowel harmony (cf. PEv *kerɁ–ưjs > Ísc. ''cérosiu'' "language"), as well as borrowings from other languages, notably Proto-Western-Evandorian (cf. PEv *srưbaŋ "wine" > PWE *šɯrbən, borrowed as Ísc. ''sierben'' or ''siorben'' "nectar", cf. the inherited word ''ruban'' "wine"). | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
| Line 58: | Line 27: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! | ! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasals | ! Nasals | ||
| Line 64: | Line 33: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosives | ! Plosives | ||
| p b || || t d || || k | | p b || || t d || || k ɡ || kʷ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricatives | ! Fricatives | ||
| Line 78: | Line 47: | ||
| || || l || || || || | | || || l || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
Clusters of stop/fricative + /j/ often have varying results due to allophony (probably in Late Íscégon only (roughly after year 200)): | |||
: /pj bj fj/ → [pj bj fj] | |||
: /tj dj sj/ → [tʲ dʲ ʃ] | |||
: /kj ɡj/ → [tʃ dʒ] | |||
: /hj/ → [ç] | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 97: | Line 73: | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Íscégon phonotactics are rather simple, especially by Evandorian languages' standards, as the syllable structure is (C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>))V(C<sub>3</sub>). '''C<sub>1</sub>''' may be any consonant; '''C<sub>2</sub>''' may be /r/, /ʋ/, or /j/ (but only after a stop or fricative (and /sr/ is not possible anyway)), and '''C<sub>3</sub>''' may be one of /m n s r l/. The vowel may be short, long, or a falling diphthong.<br/> | Íscégon phonotactics are rather simple, especially by Evandorian languages' standards, as the syllable structure is (C<sub>1</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>))V(C<sub>3</sub>). '''C<sub>1</sub>''' may be any consonant; '''C<sub>2</sub>''' may be /r/, /ʋ/, or /j/ (but only after a stop or fricative (and /sr/ is not possible anyway)), or /s/ after one of /p t k/, and '''C<sub>3</sub>''' may be one of /m n s r l/. The vowel may be short, long, or a falling diphthong.<br/> | ||
Íscégon phonotactics are one of the easiest noticeable differences with its most famous daughter language, Cerian, where the maximum syllable structure is strictly CVn — something that can often be easily seen by comparing an Íscégon word with its Cerian descendant, e.g. Isc. '' | Íscégon phonotactics are one of the easiest noticeable differences with its most famous daughter language, Cerian, where the maximum syllable structure is strictly CVn — something that can often be easily seen by comparing an Íscégon word with its Cerian descendant, e.g. Isc. ''irnéma'' (city), ''épsis'' (person) → Cer. ''ínéma'' (city), ''euší'' (person, human). | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- | ===Nouns=== | ||
<!--Iscégon has two main regular noun declensions, with, however, lots of exceptions. The two declensions are somewhat predictable as they were simple regular agglutinating suffixes in Proto-Evandorian, and their divergence is the result of vowel harmony. Íscégon nouns decline for two numbers (singular and plural) and five cases: nominative, accusative, locative, ablative, and lative - the same stock as in reconstructed Proto-Evandorian and other ancient or conservative Evandorian languages (like Ancient Nivarese, Holenagic, and Gathura).<br/> | |||
Note that the second declension has two different patterns for words with final ''-c'' or ''-g'' and those with all other (or no) consonants. | |||
Many nouns are learned with two forms, as the nominative through sound changes has lost final consonants that reappear in other parts of the declension, namely: | |||
* In all plural forms of the first declension; | |||
* In lative singular and all plural forms except locative for the second declension. | |||
Nouns with a final consonant even in the nominative (as ''útin'' in the table below) have identical nominative and accusative singular. | |||
Example table (''ructó'' < PEv *roktog ; ''útin'' < PEv *öfektem ; ''quolé'' < PEv *kweltek): | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=2 | First declension !! colspan=2 | Second declension !! colspan=2 | Second declension (-c, -g) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | ructó, ructog- "hawk" !! colspan=2 | útin/m- "tree" !! colspan=2 | quolé, quolec- "boar" | |||
|- | |||
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| ructó || ructogaur || rowspan=2 | útin || útimér || quolé || quolequer | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ructót || ructogót || útimét || quolét || quolequét | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| ructóduá || ructogórduá || útinduá || útimérduá || quoléduá || quolérduá | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| ructógú || ructogórú || útingí || útimégí || quolégí || quolequégí | |||
|- | |||
! Lative | |||
| ructón || ructogórón || útinsin || útimésin || quolexin || quolequésin | |||
|} | |||
In a historical perspective, it is interesting to note how, as the Íscégon cases were merged, different forms were used for different plurals. Cerian, for example, did not innovate any nominative plural (except for ''-oran'' indefinite from the noun ''ógoran'' "group"), but its oblique forms for both singular and plural continue the Íscégon lative. Besagren, on the other hand, which does not distinguish case anymore, generalized the plural of consonant-final stems including an ''-n'' as the majority of these had an ''n'' in Íscégon. Compare the words for "tree": ''útin'' became Cerian ''vútin'', nom.pl. ''vútiné'', but its Besagren translation (from the Late Íscégon diminutive ''útimítin'', as the full cognate ''utzi'' "wood" is singularia tantum) is ''utzimìt'', pl. ''utzimindè'' [utsimiˈɳɖɛ] — morphemically ''utzimìt-nè''. Note, though, that consonant assimilations in Besagren often led to irregular plurals that have not been regularized, e.g. Ísc. ''báresi'', ''báresiér'' "road(s)" > ''barisi'' [ˈbarisi], ''barissè'' [bariˈʃɛ] (cf. Cerian invariable ''bóši''). | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
[TBA] | |||
Verbs | As for tenses, the Íscégon verb is only conjugated for four tense-aspect combinations, actually all (for most verbs) agglutinative: present, present continuous, past, and past continuous. The future tenses (future, future perfect, future continuous) are formed by the particle ''dion'' followed by a verb in either present, present continuous, or past. | ||
-- | The first - and the only productive - conjugation in Íscégon is the one that derives from back vowel stems and thus had back-vowel affixes in Proto-Evandorian. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | ''bínuron'' (bínur-)<br/> "to do, make" !! colspan=2 | Active | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite !! Definite | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| bínur || TBA | |||
|- | |||
! Present Cont. | |||
| masbínur<ref>It is unknown how a sequence like /sb/ in Íscégon was pronounced - it probably varied dialectally between [zb] and [sp].</ref> || TBA | |||
|- | |||
! Past | |||
| tobínur || TBA | |||
|- | |||
! Past Cont. | |||
| mastobínur || TBA | |||
|} | |||
====Auxiliary verbs==== | |||
Íscégon had some auxiliary verbs, many of which are worth noticing because they developed into newer tense/aspect combinations in daughter languages. | |||
* ''hegon'' (to put) becomes ''egon'' and, after a verbal noun (''-os'') takes a repetitive meaning, e.g. ''bínuros egon'' "to do over and over (pres.)". These forms eventually developed into the simple present (with a frequentative meaning, like in English, and displacing the original Íscégon unmarked present) in most daughter languages, e.g. ''bínuros egon'' → Cerian ''benureon'' (X do/does, c.f. ''masbínur'' → ''mábenú'' "X is/are doing"); Besagren ''binurreu'' (c.f. ''maxbinu'').--> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
| Line 121: | Line 150: | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
Among older Evandorian languages, Íscégon is notable as it displays many loanwords from other branches of the family, especially Ancient Nivarese loans in a later period but, right from the earliest attestations, many words taken from Proto-Western-Evandorian, due to the fact that Íscégon speakers (and to a lesser extent also Quanarians and other Central Evandorian peoples) had moved and settled into Western Evandorian lands, something that can still be seen today, as Western Evandorian languages are spoken only in the extreme peripheries of Western Evandor, most of that area being Central Evandorian-speaking. Perhaps one of the most notable doublets is how the (Late) Proto-Evandorian word for "person", *Ɂʷips–tis, kept its meaning in Íscégon (''épsis'') as in Proto-Western-Evandorian (*kʷištɯš), but the latter word was borrowed into Íscégon as the word for "foreigner" (''quistos''). Other such doublets are ''iertis'' "house" < PEv *dert–tis > PWE *dešč > ''desix'' "military camp", or ''ductus'' "blade" < PEv *duk–tưs > PWE *dučɯš > ''duxios'' "axe". For *dert-tis, also note the further cognate, Ancient Nivarese borrowing, ''diritis'' "awareness, consciousness". | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
| Line 135: | Line 161: | ||
[[Category:Artlangs]] | [[Category:Artlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Fusional languages]] | [[Category:Fusional languages]] | ||
[[Category:Calémere]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:29, 27 May 2018
| Íscégon | |
|---|---|
| cérosiu íscégunús | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ˈkeːrosju iːsˈkeːɡunuːs]] |
| Created by | Lili21 |
| Date | Mar 2017 |
| Setting | Calémere |
| Ethnicity | Iscegons |
| Extinct | ca. 700 |
Evandorian languages
| |
Present-day Evandorian languages: those shown in ochre are Íscégon's descendants. Kierışpası (in yellow) descends from Ancient Quanarian, a Central Evandorian language closely related to Íscégon.
The Íscégon language, natively cérosiu íscégunús [ˈkeːrosju iːsˈkeːɡunuːs], is an Evandorian language, the main Classical language in the Western civilizations of Calémere.
First spoken in central Évandor, in present-day Northern Ceria, where it developed from Proto-Common Evandorian, it was the language spread across most of the continent by the ancient Íscégon Empire; for a long time after imperial times it still was the main language of culture of the whole continent and nowadays it still has - along with ancient Nivarese, the language of ancient Nivaren - an important role in learned terminology in all Evandorian civilizations and, through influence of Cerian (Ísc.: Ciairegiion; Cer.: Čérízon), a descendant of Íscégon which has become through colonization the lingua franca in most of Calémere, in most languages of the planet.
As a Central Evandorian language, Íscégon shares many features with Ancient Quanarian (like definiteness of nouns expressed in verbs, only found in Central Evandorian and in Auralic (Southern)) as well as with most other languages of the family (except for the most divergent ones like Holenagic and to a lesser extent the Northern Evandorian languages), like the two-gender system, the lack of verbs declining for person, and SVO word order. However, unlike other Central Evandorian languages (but like most other Evandorian ones), it has lost the vowel harmony characteristic of Proto-Evandorian, in the Íscégon case for a large number of vowel changes, mergers, and insertions that disrupted the original vowel harmony (cf. PEv *kerɁ–ưjs > Ísc. cérosiu "language"), as well as borrowings from other languages, notably Proto-Western-Evandorian (cf. PEv *srưbaŋ "wine" > PWE *šɯrbən, borrowed as Ísc. sierben or siorben "nectar", cf. the inherited word ruban "wine").
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| → PoA ↓ Manner |
Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | |||||
| Plosives | p b | t d | k ɡ | kʷ | |||
| Fricatives | f | s | h | ||||
| Approximants | ʋ | j | |||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Lateral | l |
Clusters of stop/fricative + /j/ often have varying results due to allophony (probably in Late Íscégon only (roughly after year 200)):
- /pj bj fj/ → [pj bj fj]
- /tj dj sj/ → [tʲ dʲ ʃ]
- /kj ɡj/ → [tʃ dʒ]
- /hj/ → [ç]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Low | a aː |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Íscégon phonotactics are rather simple, especially by Evandorian languages' standards, as the syllable structure is (C1(C2))V(C3). C1 may be any consonant; C2 may be /r/, /ʋ/, or /j/ (but only after a stop or fricative (and /sr/ is not possible anyway)), or /s/ after one of /p t k/, and C3 may be one of /m n s r l/. The vowel may be short, long, or a falling diphthong.
Íscégon phonotactics are one of the easiest noticeable differences with its most famous daughter language, Cerian, where the maximum syllable structure is strictly CVn — something that can often be easily seen by comparing an Íscégon word with its Cerian descendant, e.g. Isc. irnéma (city), épsis (person) → Cer. ínéma (city), euší (person, human).
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Vocabulary
Among older Evandorian languages, Íscégon is notable as it displays many loanwords from other branches of the family, especially Ancient Nivarese loans in a later period but, right from the earliest attestations, many words taken from Proto-Western-Evandorian, due to the fact that Íscégon speakers (and to a lesser extent also Quanarians and other Central Evandorian peoples) had moved and settled into Western Evandorian lands, something that can still be seen today, as Western Evandorian languages are spoken only in the extreme peripheries of Western Evandor, most of that area being Central Evandorian-speaking. Perhaps one of the most notable doublets is how the (Late) Proto-Evandorian word for "person", *Ɂʷips–tis, kept its meaning in Íscégon (épsis) as in Proto-Western-Evandorian (*kʷištɯš), but the latter word was borrowed into Íscégon as the word for "foreigner" (quistos). Other such doublets are iertis "house" < PEv *dert–tis > PWE *dešč > desix "military camp", or ductus "blade" < PEv *duk–tưs > PWE *dučɯš > duxios "axe". For *dert-tis, also note the further cognate, Ancient Nivarese borrowing, diritis "awareness, consciousness".