Thulean: Difference between revisions
| (5 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position. | 5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position. | ||
6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or when adjacent to /v, j/. | 6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or fortis liquid. | ||
7) /i, u/ are reslised as [E, O] when adjacent to /v, j/. | |||
C) ORTHOGRAPHY | C) ORTHOGRAPHY | ||
| Line 62: | Line 64: | ||
"au" = /aU/ | "au" = /aU/ | ||
"g" = /N/ | "g" = /N/ | ||
| Line 94: | Line 94: | ||
"nn" = /nd/ | "nn" = /nd/ | ||
"p" = /p/ | "p" = /p/ | ||
| Line 123: | Line 121: | ||
Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead. | Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead. | ||
The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that | The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi are indicated. | ||
D) PROSODY | D) PROSODY | ||
| Line 155: | Line 153: | ||
5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur. | 5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur. | ||
6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable | 6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable, before a fortis consonant or before /P, j/. | ||
F) SANDHI | F) SANDHI | ||
| Line 185: | Line 183: | ||
k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk] | k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk] | ||
l) /p, t, k, s/ + / | l) /p, t, k, s/ + /v/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] | ||
m) /p, t, k, s/ + /D/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] | |||
n) /p, t, k, s/ + /j/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] | |||
G) CONSONANT GRADATION | G) CONSONANT GRADATION | ||
| Line 201: | Line 203: | ||
c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/ | c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/ | ||
d) /rp/ > / | d) /rp/ > /rP/ | ||
e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/ | e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/ | ||
| Line 207: | Line 209: | ||
f) /rk/ > /rj/ | f) /rk/ > /rj/ | ||
g) /lp/ > / | g) /lp/ > /lP/ | ||
h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/ | h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/ | ||
| Line 213: | Line 215: | ||
i) /lk/ > /lj/ | i) /lk/ > /lj/ | ||
j) /pp/ > /p/ > / | j) /pp/ > /p/ > /P/ | ||
k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/ | k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/ | ||
| Line 222: | Line 224: | ||
n) /xx/ > /x/ | n) /xx/ > /x/ | ||
[[Category:Sketchlangs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:07, 6 June 2017
Introduction
Thulean is the sole surviving member of the Insular branch of the Hercynian language family. It has an estimated 33 million speakers. The language is agglutinative and polysynthetic with an active-stative morphosyntax of the fluid-S subtype. It is written using the Latin alphabet as is universal amongst Western European languages.
Phonology
A) PHONEME INVENTORY
1) CONSONANTS
NASAL:
-fortis: /mb, nd, Ng/
-lenis: /m, n, N/
LIQUID:
-fortis: /rd, ld/
-lenis: /r, l/
PLOSIVE:
-fortis: /pp, tt, kk/
-lenis: /p, t, k/
FRICATIVE:
-fortis: /ss, xx/
-lenis: /s, x/
APPROXIMANT: /v, D, j/
2) VOWELS
a) MONOPHTHONGS: /i, u, a/
b) DIPHTHONGS: /@U, OI, aI, aU/
B) ALLOPHONES
1) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant.
2) All fortis obstruents are realised as lenis plosives in intervocalic position.
3) All lenis plosives and /s/ are voiced in intervocalic position.
4) /x/ is realised as [Z] in intervocalic position.
5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position.
6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or fortis liquid.
7) /i, u/ are reslised as [E, O] when adjacent to /v, j/.
C) ORTHOGRAPHY
"a" = /a/
"ai" = /aI/
"au" = /aU/
"g" = /N/
"gg" = /Ng/
"h" = /x/
"hh" = /xx/
"i" = /i/
"iu" = /@U/
"j" = /j/
"k" = /k/
"kk" = /kk/
"l" = /l/
"ll" = /ld/
"m" = /m/
"mm" = /mb/
"n" = /n/
"nn" = /nd/
"p" = /p/
"pp" = /pp/
"q" = /D/
"r" = /r/
"rr" = /rd/
"s" = /s/
"ss" = /ss/
"t" = /t/
"tt" = /tt/
"u" = /u/
"ui" = /OI/
"v" = /v/
Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead.
The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi are indicated.
D) PROSODY
Thulean has fixed initial primary stress. Secondary stress falls on every alternate syllable following the primary stress. Rhythm type is trochaic.
E) PHONOTACTICS
1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).
2) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries.
3) Permitted consonant clusters:
a) /m/ + /p/
b) /n/ + /t, s/
c) /N/ + /k, x/
d) /r/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/
e) /l/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/
f) /p, t, k/ + /s/
g) /s/ + /p, t, k/
4) Permitted word-final codas: /m, n, t, k, s, D/
5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur.
6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable, before a fortis consonant or before /P, j/.
F) SANDHI
1) Sandhi occurs at morpheme boundaries as a result of suffixation.
2) The resulting sandhi transformations are as follows:
a) /m, n, N/ + /m, n, N/ > [mb, nd, Ng]
b) /m, n, N/ + /r/ > [rd, rd, rd]
c) /m, n, N/ + /l/ > [ld, ld, ld]
d) /m, n, N/ + /v, D, j/ > [mb, nd, Ng]
e) /m, N/ + /t, s/ > [nt, ns]
f) /m, n/ + /k, x/ > [Nk, Nx]
g) /n, N/ + /p/ > [mp]
h) /r, l/ + /n/ > [nd]
i) /r, l/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld]
j) /r, l/ + /D/ > [rd, ld]
k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk]
l) /p, t, k, s/ + /v/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]
m) /p, t, k, s/ + /D/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]
n) /p, t, k, s/ + /j/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]
G) CONSONANT GRADATION
1) This process affects fortis consonants and lenis plosives following a nasal, liquid or vowel.
2) It is triggered if the consonants in question form the onset of a closed syllable due to suffixation.
3) The gradation sequences are as follows:
a) /mp/ > /mb/ > /m/
b) /nt/ > /nd/ > /n/
c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/
d) /rp/ > /rP/
e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/
f) /rk/ > /rj/
g) /lp/ > /lP/
h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/
i) /lk/ > /lj/
j) /pp/ > /p/ > /P/
k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/
l) /kk/ > /k/ > /j/
m) /ss/ > /s/
n) /xx/ > /x/