Verse:Irta/Knench: Difference between revisions

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'''Venetian Hebrew''' (''ngiwrith'' /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a basilect of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. The phonology is similar to [[Allemañisch]].
{{List subpages}}
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively ''Finid'' /ˈfi{{long}}nɪð/ or ''losůnaz Fini'') is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


Numbers:
Move to Spain?
0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), hnay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaxør


11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszøŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one
* ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing"
* ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing"
* ''deberi'' [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i)
* ''deberimel'' [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things"
* ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey"
* ''jůno'' [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon"
* ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon"
* ''jůnůd'' [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending)
* ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons"


40: stay ngaxre
== Phonology ==
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
=== Vowels ===
'''a e y i o u ů''' /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/


60: hlusz ngaxre
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| '''x''' (often lost) from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |v| '''v''' from Old Knench /b/
* |ɣ| '''g''' from Old Knench /g/
* |ð| '''d''' from Old Knench /d/
* |h| '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/
* |w| '''w''' from Old Knench /w/
* |z| '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |qʰ| '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |t=| '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/
* |j| '''j''' from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/
* |l| '''l''' from Old Knench /l/
* |m| '''m''' from Old Knench /m/
* |n| '''n''' from Old Knench /n/
* |ɕ| '''çh''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| '''f''' from Old Knench /p/
* |p=| '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/
* |ts=| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |k=| '''c''' from Old Knench /q/
* |r| '''r''' from Old Knench /r/
* |{{sz}}| '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| '''th''' from Old Knench /t/


...
'''qh''' is in a process of merging with '''ch''' in Modern Knench. The merged sound is kʰ~x.


120: merkø
=== Mutation ===


14400: rúø
== Morphology ==
=== Pronouns ===
* 1sg: ''i'' (after consonant), ''ni'' (after vowel)
* 2sg.m: ''tho''; ''-cho tho'' (after prepositions)
* 2sg.f: ''thy''; ''-chyth'' (after prepositions)
* 3sg.m: ''ůj'' (< -ů + ḧi)
* 3sg.f: ''oj'' (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi)
* 1pl: ''nu''
* 2pl: ''thym''; ''-chym thym, -chythym'' (after prepositions)
* 3pl: <i>'m</i>


before: kkurm
=== Verbs ===
The citation form is uninflected in Colloquial Knench:


<!--
: ''Re ni by bluɣ i laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.'
: ''Bluɣ laqhmaz!'' 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)'


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fɣul, iffoɣel, ithfoɣel, faɣel, afɣel, isthafɣel) or from noun patterns.
 
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
 
-->
 
==Introduction==
*Swadesh list
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
*''Ni bø løhabiw ngiwrith, khozuth ni bø lødhabir akh ttipøth ngiwrith.''
**I like Hebrew, but I only know a little bit of Hebrew.
 
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
/m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}
 
Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
 
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
 
p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
 
"Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
 
===Vowels===
/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ}}
 
Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress is always penultimate.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
 
*The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
*The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
*The regular feminine plural is -uth.
*However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. ''benusz, blenusz'' = human
 
''køfor, køfori'' (m) = village, villages
 
''bagbøg, bagbøgi'' (m) = bottle, bottles
 
''i, iyø'' (m) = island, islands
 
''kkiszø, kkiszøyø'' (m) = squash, squashes
 
''gøfø, gøfuth'' (f) = corpse, corpses
 
''tagrith, tagriyuth'' (f) = incident, incidents
 
===Verbs===
Venetian Hebrew has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh.
====Auxiliaries====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection of the present auxiliary
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Affirmative
| ''ni''
| ''to''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''i''
| ''nanu, onu, nu''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
| ''re, r' ''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''ini''
| ''intø''
| ''inte''
| ''imu''
| ''imi''
| ''inan''
| ''inti''
| ''iyum''
| ''im''
|-
! Negative
| ''eni''
| ''ekhø''
| ''ekh''
| ''enu''
| ''enø''
| ''enen''
| ''ekhi''
| ''enøm''
| ''en''
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection of the preterite auxiliary
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! Affirmative
| ''si ni''
| ''si tho''
| ''si the''
| ''so u''
| ''sto i''
| ''si nu''
| ''si them''
| ''su 'm''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''i si ni''
| ''i si tho''
| ''i si the''
| ''i so u''
| ''i sto i''
| ''i si nu''
| ''i si them''
| ''i su 'm''
|-
! Negative
| ''lu si ni''
| ''lu si tho''
| ''lu si the''
| ''lu so u''
| ''lu sto i''
| ''lu si nu''
| ''lu si them''
| ''lu su 'm''
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection of the future auxiliary
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! Affirmative
| ''lekh ni''
| ''tlekh to''
| ''tlekh te''
| ''lekh u''
| ''lekh i''
| ''lekh nu''
| ''tlekh tem''
| ''lekh hem''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''i lekh ni''
| ''i tlekh to''
| ''i tlekh te''
| ''i lekh u''
| ''i lekh i''
| ''i lekh nu''
| ''i tlekh tem''
| ''i lekh hem''
|-
! Negative
| ''lu lekh ni''
| ''lu tlekh to''
| ''lu tlekh te''
| ''lu lekh u''
| ''lu lekh i''
| ''lu lekh nu''
| ''lu tlekh tem''
| ''lu lekh hem''
|}
 
Perfect: present copula + ''ár'' (negated: ''bli'')
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R' iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re bethi ni bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.'''''
:''My house is as big as a whale.''
 
Sto i lásuth halgbethø i bø rø-múhør.
 
/sto i 'la:suθ halg'beθə i bə rə'mu:hər/
 
sto i lásuth halgbeth-ø i bø-L rø-L-múhør/
 
She did her homework very late.
 
===Noun phrase===
The definite article is a clitic:
*Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
*Plural: -il
Examples:
*''hadhør'' = a room
*''hadhraz'' = the room
*''hadhri'' = rooms
*''hadhril'' = the rooms
*''hadhør grul'' = a big room
*''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''ha hadheor ha godhowl ha ze'')
*''boti gruli'' = big houses
*''boti grulil'' = the big houses
 
*''tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u'' = The apple, the man eats it
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az szom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze szom'' (where the ''ze'' can be inflected).
 
The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
 
===Verb phrase===
''Isz li rangu'' "I'm hungry"
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Kku kol blenuszil ledhø kø wlehuri, hem szowi ngar kúdhaz ke skhøyuthil. Kku 'm lehangnig bø thwønø ke matspøn, ke re ngalem léthnágh ódh lø hni bø nøszomø ahwø.'''''
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
Tower of Babel in Venetian Hebrew, a descendant of Hebrew influenced by Celtic and Germanic. A retranslation into English is provided.
 
# Bø khol ngulømaz tho áth sofø bø kkáth ledhabir ke uthøm miluthil lisztamisz.
# Wini ksze yu bø losangøth me mizroh, su 'm litakkil bø miszoraz Szinngor ke lithyaszew szom.
# Ke su 'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lásuth lwonuth ke léfuth em ettew." Ke su lwonuthil leszamisz lom em kø awnebniyø, ke hemør kø mald.
# Ke su 'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lewnuth ngir ke mídøl bo i, yás ruszu u laging le szomay, ki nás nu lásuth lonu szem, pen nás nu lithpazir ngal pni kol artsaz!"
# Wini so El lowu matø, sze yás u listakil ngiraz ke mídølaz sze yu blenuszil bø lewnuth.
# Ke so El lemur: "Ngeth sze em ár hatholø lásuth zuth kø ódh ngom sze bø ledhabir áth sofø, lu lekh liyuth szum mikhszul ngal ma u ma sze yásu 'm lithkawin lásuth!
# "Enø, bu tonu lolekht matø ke løwalbil soføthom em, pen yásu 'm láwin szuthif."
# Kokh so El løfazir em, ke su 'm ládul lewnuth ngiraz.
# Ke mi sibøzu fu sze i bø kkáth szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so El løwalbil sofø kol ngulømaz. Mi szom so El løfazir em ngal pni kol ngulømaz.
 
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 04:23, 11 May 2026

In this versespace:

Verse talk:

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively Finid /ˈfiːnɪð/ or losůnaz Fini) is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

Move to Spain?

Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one

  • dobor [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing"
  • doboraz [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing"
  • deberi [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i)
  • deberimel [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things"
  • qhymůr [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey"
  • jůno [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon"
  • jůnozů [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon"
  • jůnůd [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending)
  • jůnůdel [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons"

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

a e y i o u ů /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| x (often lost) from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |v| v from Old Knench /b/
  • |ɣ| g from Old Knench /g/
  • |ð| d from Old Knench /d/
  • |h| ḧ (often lost) from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| w from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| z from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |qʰ| qh from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |t=| t from Old Knench /tˁ/
  • |j| j from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| ch from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| l from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| m from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| n from Old Knench /n/
  • |ɕ| çh from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| ɣ from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| f from Old Knench /p/
  • |p=| p from Latin/Romance /p/
  • |ts=| ç from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |k=| c from Old Knench /q/
  • |r| r from Old Knench /r/
  • |ʂ| s from Old Knench /s̠/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| th from Old Knench /t/

qh is in a process of merging with ch in Modern Knench. The merged sound is kʰ~x.

Mutation

Morphology

Pronouns

  • 1sg: i (after consonant), ni (after vowel)
  • 2sg.m: tho; -cho tho (after prepositions)
  • 2sg.f: thy; -chyth (after prepositions)
  • 3sg.m: ůj (< -ů + ḧi)
  • 3sg.f: oj (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi)
  • 1pl: nu
  • 2pl: thym; -chym thym, -chythym (after prepositions)
  • 3pl: 'm

Verbs

The citation form is uninflected in Colloquial Knench:

Re ni by bluɣ i laqhm. (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.'
Bluɣ laqhmaz! 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)'

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fɣul, iffoɣel, ithfoɣel, faɣel, afɣel, isthafɣel) or from noun patterns.

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