Lortho: Difference between revisions

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{{infobox language
| name = Lortho
| nativename = Lortho
| pronunciation = ˈloɾ.tʰo
| image = Lortho.JPG
| image_size = 100px
| setting = Dhamashi, a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]]
| region = Lamona continent
| speakers = ~ 60,000,000
| date = na
| familycolor = conlang
| ancestor1 = Proto-Lamona
| ancestor2 = Old Lortho
| clcr = qlt
| creator = [[User:Bbbourq|Brian Bourque]]
| created = 2003, 2016
}}


<!--  
'''Lortho''' <!--([[Guide:IPA|IPA]]:[ˈloɾ·tʰo])-->is an [[A_priori_language|a priori]] constructed language created by [[user:bbbourq|Brian Bourque]] in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the [[wikipedia:writing system|script]] was created for aesthetics. It is an [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] language with some minor [[w:fusional_language|fusional]] aspects.


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
<!--:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"  
 
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
 
-->
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="50%"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; font-size:2em;" | '''Lortho''' ['loɾ.tʰo]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(200,100,100);" | &nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
| style="font-size:1.5em; text-align:center;" | Section under development
| '''Spoken in:''' || Lortho
|-
| '''Conworld:''' || A planet which orbits a binary star
|-
| '''Total Speakers:'''
| style="font-variant:small-caps; color:rgb(200,0,0); font-style:italic;" | '''Under Development'''
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| style="font-variant:small-caps; color:rgb(200,0,0); font-style:italic;" | '''Under Development'''
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Verb-Subject-Object
|-
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Agglutinating
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
|-
|}-->
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
The people ('''Kalanune''') who speak Lortho live on Dhamashi,<ref>Bourque, B. (2017, September 6). ''The language of Lortho and the world of Dhamashi''. Retrieved from http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334</ref> a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]] which is itself one of the habitable moons orbiting the [[w:Gas_giant|gas giant]] '''Kus'''<!-- in an alternate universe-->. The planet's surface has many similarities to Earth where it has oceans, mountains, deserts, and forests. The planet has three major continents: '''Mashonu''', '''Kashti''', and '''Lamona'''. The Kalanune live on Lamona.<br />
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Brian Bourque || March 2017
|}


<!--Even though there are two stars, neither one can be seen separate from one another during daylight hours. At dawn and dusk, however, both can bee seen due to light refraction through the world's atmosphere.-->


==Introduction==
Lortho ([[Guide:IPA|IPA]]:[ˈloɾ·tʰo]) is an [[A_priori_language|a priori]] constructed language created by [[user:bbbourq|Brian Bourque]] in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the [[wikipedia:writing system|script]] was created for aesthetics. Fast forward about 13 years and it has now evolved into a [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] language with some minor [[w:fusional_language|fusional]] aspects. The verbs are conjugated with suffixes and nouns are modified to denote [[wikipedia:grammatical case|case]].
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->


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-->
-->
===Inspiration===
==Inspiration==
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
A friend was creating a board game similar to [[wikipedia:risk_(game)|Risk]]; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an extraterrestrial theme and requested a fictional script.  The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. Brian was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the Conlang Mailing List <ref>''Conlang Mailing List''. (n.d.). Retrieved from Brown University: http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html</ref> and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then he decided to move forward and bring Lortho into fruition. The language itself was not invented until the spring of 2016.
 
Much of the language stems from the languages that Brian knows, namely Persian, French, and Korean. Although the language is a priori, much of its construction resembles that of an Indo-European flavor; albeit unintentionally. The phonology is largely inspired by Persian (Farsi) in that each letter is strictly pronounced regardless of their position in the the syllable/word. The agglutinating aspect of the language was largely influence by both Hungarian and Finnish. The orthography was inspired by Central/East Asian orthographies which is further expounded [[#Writing_System|below]].
 
Another source of inspiration is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds leading to coherent speech and communication, she "created" words to communicate her wants and needs. Some of these words found their way into the Lortho lexicon.


A friend was creating a board game similar to [[wikipedia:risk_(game)|Risk]]; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an extraterrestrial theme and requested a fictional script.  The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. Brian was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list] and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then he decided to move forward and bring Lortho into fruition.
NOTE: The map below is not 100% scientifically accurate and needs improvement.


Another inspirational source is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds leading to coherent speech, Brian found certain "words" to use in Lortho which he used to develop its phonology.


===Setting===
{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
{| style="color:rgb(200,0,0); font-style:italic; font-variant:small-caps;"  
! Under Development
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | [[file:Dhamashi.jpg|500px|Dhamashi]]
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kashti&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || Lamona || Mashonu
|-
| colspan="3" | Dhamashi
|}
|}


The people who speak Lortho live on a planetary system which orbits a binary star.<BR />
==Etymology of Lortho==
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
Lortho is a combination of ''Lor'', the god from which their story of life stems, and ''-tho'', the inalienable form for the genitive case. It has since become a noun and can take other case endings (e.g. ''konpharin lorthome'' - I speak Lortho-ACC).
 
The mountain whence Lor is said to originate is called ''Malhi Dharakhi'', "Great Mountain," and is located in the coastal mountain range on the west coast of Lamona.
 
==Goals==
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
<del>The goal is to create the gradual progression of Lortho which will lead to the development of daughter languages and, eventually, create sister languages which have developed on different parts of the planet</del>. <ins>The aforementioned goal is a little outdated and no longer is appropriate. The long term goal is to see this language develop to a fully usable language. To the point where people from the general public wish to learn it. It is ambitious, but I think Lortho and it's world might take off. In the words of Jim Hopkins (Itláni): "Lortho exists in 'Realms-Somewhere-Real.'"</ins>
 
A secondary goal is to see this language come to life on the screen either in a series or feature film.
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==


===Orthography===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
====Writing System====


===Consonants===


The Lortho [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] contains 21 letters, one of which is a vowel. The writing system behaves in a similar manner to an [[w:abugida|abugida]]; however, there are no conjunct consonants. Ligatures are only formed by the combination of consonants and vowels (other than the vowel [i]). Lortho's script was inspired by the [[w:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Uchen_script|Uchen]], and [[w:Tengwar|Tengwar]] writing systems.
There are 18 [[wikipedia:consonant|consonants]]<ref>''International Phonetic Alphabet''. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org</ref><ref name="IPA">''Guide:IPA''. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://linguifex.com/wiki/Guide:IPA</ref> in Lortho and all are strictly pronounced the same regardless of placement.


{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
| [[File:Lortho_Alphabet_SVG.JPG|700px|Lortho Alphabet]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho Alphabet
|-
|}
 
====Vowels====
 
The vowels are written similarly to the vowels seen in [[wikipedia:Devanagari|Devanagari]].
 
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
| [[File:LorthoVowels.JPG|250px|Lortho Vowels]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho Vowels
|-
|}
 
====Sample Text====
 
Below is a sample text with the conscript described above.
 
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
| [[File:LorthoSample.JPG|400px|Sample Text]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''konpharin lorthome''' ''I speak Lortho''
|-
|}
 
===Consonant Inventory===
 
There are 20 [[wikipedia:consonant|consonants]] in Lortho and all are strictly pronounced the same regardless of placement.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! style="background-color:#ffffff;" |
! style="background-color:#ffffff;" |
Line 144: Line 125:
<!-- style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Pharyngeal -->
<!-- style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Pharyngeal -->
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Glottal
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Glottal
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|-  
| '''Plosive'''|| &nbsp; p &nbsp; pʰ &nbsp; || b
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Nasal'''  
|  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | m
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | n
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| &nbsp; t &nbsp; tʰ &nbsp; || &nbsp; d &nbsp; dʰ &nbsp; 
| colspan="2" | || &nbsp; k &nbsp; kʰ &nbsp; || &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
|-  
|-  
| '''Nasal'''  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Plosive'''
| || &nbsp; m &nbsp; mː &nbsp;  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; p &nbsp; pʰ &nbsp;  
| colspan="2" |
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | b
| colspan="2" | n &nbsp; nː 
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; t &nbsp; tʰ &nbsp;
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; d &nbsp; dʱ &nbsp; 
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; k &nbsp; kʰ &nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
<!--|-
<!--|-
| '''Trill'''|| ||  
| '''Trill'''|| ||  
|colspan="2" | ||  || -->
|colspan="2" | ||  || -->
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|-  
| '''Tap or Flap'''  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Fricative'''
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | f ||  
| colspan="2" | ɾ
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | s ||  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | ʃ ||
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" |  h || &nbsp;&nbsp;
| colspan="2" | 
|-  
| '''Fricative'''
| colspan="2" |  || f || || s || || ʃ ||
| colspan="2" | ||  h || &nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
<!--|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| '''Lateral Fricative'''||  ||   
| '''Lateral Fricative'''||  ||   
Line 179: Line 162:
| '''Approximant''' ||  ||   
| '''Approximant''' ||  ||   
| colspan="3" |  ||  ||  -->
| colspan="3" |  ||  ||  -->
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|-  
| '''Lateral Approximant'''
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Lateral Approximant'''
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" | l lʰ
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | l &nbsp; ʰl
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- "
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Tap or Flap'''
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | ɾ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Vowels and Diphthongs===
===Vowels===


====Vowel Inventory====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


There are five [[wikipedia:vowel|vowels]] in Lortho and are strictly pronounced regardless of placement:
'''Monophthongs'''<ref name="IPA" />


<br />
<!--Vowels
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-  
|-  
Line 210: Line 203:
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| '''Mid''' ||  ||  || ɑ
| '''Mid''' ||  ||  || ɑ
|}
-->
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:right; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;">ɑ&nbsp;</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
|}


====Diphthongs====
'''Diphthongs'''


The following [[wikipedia:diphthong|diphthongs]] exist in Lortho:
[[File:LorthoDiphthongs Chart.png]]


* [aɪ], [aʊ], [eɪ], [ɔɪ]
===Phonotactics===


===Syllable Structure===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
'''Syllable Structure'''


The [[wikipedia:syllable|syllable]] structure is (C)V(V)(C).
The [[wikipedia:syllable|syllable]] structure is (C)V(V)(C).
* The syllables can be constructed as:
** V <!--(at this time only used in 3 person singular)-->
** CV
** CVV
** VC
** CVC
** CVVC
'''Consonant Clusters'''
There are no [[w:Consonant_cluster|consonant clusters]] allowed in onsets or codas; however, clusters formed from adjacent syllables (i.e. coda + onset) are allowed. These clusters are:
# /nd/
# /nk/ (with an allophone of [ŋk])
# /np/ (with an allophone of [mp] e.g. the verb '''konpharo''' ''to speak'')
# /ns/
# /pt/
# /rt/
# /sk/
# /pr/


===Prosody===
===Prosody===


====Stress====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
'''Stress'''


There are a few rules that govern [[w:Stress_(linguistics)|stress]] (with exceptions):
[[w:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]] in Lortho is handled as follows:


# Stress is always on the second to the last syllable of the root or infinitive '''''except''''':
# Stress is always on the penultimatae syllable of the root or infinitive '''''except''''':
#* '''-n''' verbs will always receive stress on the last syllable of the infinitive or root.
#* '''-n''' verbs will always receive stress on the final syllable of the infinitive or root.
# If the word is only two syllables long, then the stress is on the first syllable.
#* Pluralized nouns will shift the stress to the penultimate syllable.
# Stress is never given to prefixes or suffixes, '''''except'''''
# If the word is two syllables long, then the stress is on the first syllable.
#* Pluralized nouns will move the stress to the second to the last syllable
# Stress is neither given to prefixes nor suffixes.


====Intonation====
<!--'''Intonation'''


{|
:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"
|- style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:italic; color:rgb(200,0,0); font-weight:bold;"
|-  
| Under Development
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(200,100,100);" | &nbsp;&nbsp;
| style="font-size:1.5em; text-align:center;" | Section under Development
|-
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
|-
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;"| For general information on '''intonation (linguistics)''', please click [[w:Intonation_(linguistics)|here]]
|}
<br />-->
<!--
===Morphophonology===
 
:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(200,100,100);" | &nbsp;&nbsp;
| style="font-size:1.5em; text-align:center;" | Section under development
|-
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
|}
-->
 
==Orthography==
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
===Writing System===
 
The writing system of Lortho is called '''Dhadakha''', so named from the first three letters. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] with some [[w:Featural_writing_system|featural aspects]] in denoting [[w:Aspirated_consonant|aspirated]] vs [[w:Tenuis_consonant|tenuis consonants]]. Dhadakha is comprised of 21 letters, one of which is a vowel. The writing system behaves in a similar manner to an [[w:abugida|abugida]]; however, there are no conjunct consonants and vowels are given equal status as consonants. Ligatures are formed by consonant + vowel with the vowels [i] and [ɛ] being the exceptions. Lortho's script was inspired by the [[w:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Uchen_script|Uchen]], and [[w:Tengwar|Tengwar]] writing systems.
 
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: none;"
| '''''UPDATE:'''''
|-
| ''This script has been revised to include a "common" script. More to come.''
|}
 
&nbsp;<br />
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
| [[File:Revised_Lortho_Alphabet.svg|700px|Lortho Alphabet]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho Alphabet
|-
|}
|}
<br />
===Vowels and Vowel Constructs===


===Phonotactics===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
====Consonant Clusters====


[[w:Consonant_cluster|Consonant cluster]] onsets and codas are not allowed; however, clusters are allowed in certain adjacent syllables (e.g. CVC.CVC).
'''Monophthongs'''


===Morphophonology===
Vowels (except [i]) are attached to the preceding consonant forming ligatures.


{| style="color:rgb(200,0,0); font-style:italic; font-variant:small-caps;"
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
! Under Development
| [[File:LorthoVowels.JPG|250px|Lortho Vowels]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho Vowels
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br />
'''Diphthongs'''
The diphthongs are written as seen below.
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
|-
| [[File:LorthoDiphthongs.JPG|300px|Lortho Diphthongs]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho diphthongs
|}
<br />
===Word-Initial Vowels and Diphthongs===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
For word-initial vowels, the letter [i] will be used as the place holder (unless the [i] is the vowel) and the additional vowel will be added as one would on a consonant-vowel ligature.


===Romanized Text===
===Romanized Text===


Since Lortho has its own script, a Romanized version has been set up to make it easy to read and pronounce as shown in the tables below.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
Since Lortho has its own script, a romanized version has been set up to make it easy to read and pronounce as shown in the tables below.


{| class="wikitable" width=75%
{| class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible wikitable"  
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background-color:#abcabc;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background-color:#abcabc;"
| colspan="22" | Alphabet
| colspan="21" | Consonants
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| IPA || dʰ || d || kʰ || k || lʰ || l || tʰ || t || pʰ || p || ʃ || s || n || nː || m || mː || h || b || f || i || ɾ
| IPA || dʰ || d || kʰ || k || lʰ || l || tʰ || t || pʰ || p || ʃ || s || n || nː || m || mː || h || b || f || ɾ
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"
| Romanization|| dh || d || kh || k || lh || l || th || t || ph || p || sh || s || n || nn || m || mm || h || b || f || i || r
| Romanization|| dh || d || kh || k || lh || l || th || t || ph || p || sh || s || n || nn || m || mm || h || b || f || r
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" width=23.7%
{| class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible wikitable"  
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#abcabc;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#abcabc;"
| colspan="5" | Vowels
| colspan="6" | Monophthongs
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| IPA || ɑ || ɛ || u || o
| IPA || i || ɑ || ɛ || u || o
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"
| Romanization || a || e || u || o
| Romanization || i || a || e || u || o
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" width=26.3%
{| class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible wikitable"  
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#abcabc; font-weight:bold;"
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#abcabc; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="5" | Diphthongs
| colspan="5" | Diphthongs
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-->
-->
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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#They are one of three [[Guide:Gender|gender]]s: masculine, feminine, or neuter
#They are one of three [[Guide:Gender|gender]]s: masculine, feminine, or neuter
#All nouns are modified to denote case
#All nouns can be modified to denote case
#All nouns end in a vowel
#All nouns end in a vowel (with few exceptions)
 
====Gender====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Masculine
!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Feminine
!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Neuter
|-
| -i<br />dharakh'''i'''<br />''mountain'' || -u<br />dhamm'''u'''<br />''chair'' || -a<br />hadikh'''a'''<br />''country, land''
|}
 
'''Exceptions:'''
 
There there are a couple nouns that do not follow the above rules for gender (this will increase as Lortho's lexicon grows):


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Neuter
!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Neuter
|-
|-
| -i || -u || -ɑ
| '''tapas'''<br />''pasta'' || || '''dhi'''<br />''water''
|}
|}


====Grammatical Case====
====Grammatical Case====


Lortho has ten [[wikipedia:grammatical case|cases]]. The vowels in parentheses are added if the word ends in a consonant.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
Lortho has ten [[wikipedia:grammatical case|cases]]. The vowels in parentheses are added if the word ends in a consonant. The following word will be used for demonstration:
 
*'''kansaptha'''<br/>''(n. neut.)''
:# woods, forest
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=60%
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Case  
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Case  
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Affix
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Affix
Line 329: Line 496:
| [[w:Nominative_case|Nominative]] || - || kansaptha|| woods, forest
| [[w:Nominative_case|Nominative]] || - || kansaptha|| woods, forest
|-
|-
| [[w:Accusative_case|Accusative]] || -(i)me || kansapthame|| forest ''(direct obj.)''
| [[w:Accusative_case|Accusative]] || -<!--(i)-->me || kansaptha<u>'''me'''</u>|| forest ''(direct obj.)''
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Dative_case|Dative]] || -(i)mela || kansapthamela|| forest ''(indirect obj.)''
| [[w:Dative_case|Dative]] || -<!--(i)-->mela || kansaptha<u>'''mela'''</u>|| forest ''(indirect obj.)''
|-
|-
| [[w:Genitive_case|Genitive]] || -(i)nalo || kansapthanalo || of the forest
| [[w:Genitive_case|Genitive]]<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">1</sup> || -<!--(i)-->na<!--lo-->u || kansaptha<u>'''na<!--lo-->u'''</u> || of the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Sublative_case|Sublative]] || -ina/-ena || kansaptaina || in/into the forest
| [[w:Lative_case|Lative]] || -ina/ena || kansapta<u>'''ina'''</u> || in/into the forest
|-
|-
| [[w:Ablative_case|Ablative]] || -(e)nat || kansapthanat || out of/from the forest
| [[w:Ablative_case|Ablative]] || -<!--(e)-->nat || kansaptha<u>'''nat'''</u> || out of/from the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Allative_case|Allative]] || -(e)dan || kansapthadan|| to/towards the forest
| [[w:Allative_case|Allative]] || -<!--(e)-->dan || kansaptha<u>'''dan'''</u>|| to/towards the forest
|-  
|-  
| [[w:Prolative_case|Prolative]] || -(e)danar || kansapthadanar || through/via/by way of the forest
| [[w:Prolative_case|Prolative]] || -<!--(e)-->da<!--na-->r || kansaptha<u>'''da<!--na-->r'''</u> || through/via/by way of the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Instructive_case|Instructive]] || -(i)len || kansapthalen || using the forest
| [[w:Instrumental_case|Instrumental]] || -<!--(i)-->len || kansaptha<u>'''len'''</u> || using the forest
|-  
|-  
| [[w:Vocative_case|Vocative]] || fa-
| [[w:Vocative_case|Vocative]] || fa(l)- || <u>'''fa'''</u>kansaptha || Hey, Forest!
| colspan="2" style="color:rgb(200,0,0); font-variant:small-caps; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;" | Under Development
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Personal Possessive Prefix====
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>1</sup> -'''na<!--lo-->u''' is the alienable genitive whereas -'''tho''' is the [[w:Inalienable_possession|inalienable]] genitive as seen in the endonym ''Lor<u>'''tho'''</u>''.</p>


The personal [[w:Possession_(linguistics)|possessive]] is formed using a prefix which is gender and [[w:Grammatical_number|number]] specific.
====Possessive====
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
The personal [[w:Possession_(linguistics)|possessive]] is formed using a prefix which is gender and [[w:Grammatical_number|number]] specific. We will use the following word:
 
*'''dhammu'''<br/>''(n. fem.)''
:#chair, seat


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
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! colspan="3" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Plural
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:italic; background-color:rgb(249,244,219);"
|
| masculine || feminine || neuter || masculine || feminine || neuter
|-
|-
| 1st person || ni- || nu- || - || nima- || numa- || -
| 1st person || '''ni'''dhammu || '''nu'''dhammu || - || '''nima'''dhammu || '''numa'''dhammu || -
|-
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| 2nd person || lin- || lun- || - || nani- || nanu- || -
| 2nd person || '''lin'''dhammu || '''lun'''dhammu || - || '''nani'''dhammu || '''nanu'''dhammu || -
|-
|-
| 3rd person || li- || lu- || la- || limi- || limu- || lima-
| 3rd person || '''li'''dhammu || '''lu'''dhammu || '''la'''dhammu || '''limi'''dhammu || '''limu'''dhammu || '''lima'''dhammu
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Pluralization====
====Pluralization====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Each noun is [[w:Plural|pluralized]] by adding a suffix:
Each noun is [[w:Plural|pluralized]] by adding a suffix:


#Feminine nouns (-'''u'''): simply add the plural ending -'''ne'''.
#Feminine (-u) and Neuter (-a) nouns add the plural suffix -'''ne''':
#*Example: '''kansaphu''' ''(n. fem)'' tree; '''''pl''''' kansaphu'''ne'''
#*Examples:
#Masculine nouns (-'''i'''): subtract the -'''i''' and add the plural ending -'''eni''' ''except'' :
##Feminine: '''kansaphu''' ''(n. fem)'' tree; '''pl''' kansaphu'''ne'''
#*Masculine noun roots that end in -'''n''', the plural ending will be changed to -'''emi'''.
##Neuter: '''hadikha''' ''(n. neut)'' land, country; '''pl''' hadikha'''ne'''
#Masculine nouns (-i):
#*Regular masculine nouns will add the infix -'''en'''- before -'''i''':
#*Masculine nouns that end in -'''ni''' will add the infix -'''em'''-.
#*Examples:
#*Examples:
##'''olakhi''' ''(n. masc)'' boat; '''''pl''''' olakh'''eni'''
##'''olakhi''' ''(n. masc)'' boat; '''pl''' olakh'''en'''i
##'''phorenni''' ''(n. masc)'' peak, summit; '''''pl''''' phoɾenn'''emi'''
##'''phorenni''' ''(n. masc)'' peak, summit; '''pl''' phoɾenn'''em'''i
#Neuter nouns (-'''a'''): simply add the plural ending -'''ne''' (many neuter nouns are collective nouns such as '''hammuna''' ''weather'')
#*If the noun ends in a consonant, the suffix -'''eni''' will be added:
#*Example: '''hadikha''' ''(n. neut)'' land, country; '''''pl''''' hadikha'''ne'''
##Example: '''tapas''' ''(n. masc)'' pasta; '''pl''' tapas'''eni'''
 
====Reduplication====
 
A recent discovery in Lortho is the use of [[w:Reduplication|reduplication]]. So far, one example has emerged:
 
;kisha [ˈki.ʃa]
:plural kishane [ki.ˈʃa.ne]
#a repeated design; pattern
#('''kisha kisha''') an overly used pattern which loses its effect over time; a pattern of movements no longer requiring thought (e.g. muscle memory)<br/>plural: '''kisha kishane'''
 
===Personal Pronouns===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
! || 1SG || 2SG || 3SG || 1PL || 2PL || 3PL
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Masculine || hin || manni || i || minan || namin || nimi
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| Feminine || hun || mannu || u || munan || namun || nimu
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Neuter || || || a || || naman<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">2</sup> || nima
|}
 
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>2</sup> The 2nd person plural neuter, '''naman''', is meant for addressing crowds or general audiences</p>


===Verbs===
===Verbs===


====Introduction====
====Introduction====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Verbs are [[wikipedia:grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in gender and in number which are governed by the subject (written or implied). For the most part the conjugations are simple and are formed through agglutination; however, there are slight fusional changes that occur when denoting aspect.
Verbs are [[wikipedia:grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in gender and in number which are governed by the subject (written or implied). For the most part the conjugations are simple and are formed through agglutination; however, there are slight fusional changes that occur when denoting aspect.
Line 389: Line 597:
====Conjugation====
====Conjugation====


=====Regular Verbs=====
'''Regular Verbs'''


There are three main verbs in Lortho: '''-o''' verbs, '''-t''' verbs, and '''-n''' verbs. The conjugation tables below show a preview of how the regular verbs conjugate in each category. Conjugation in other tenses includes more fusional aspects.
There are three main verbs in Lortho: '''-o''' verbs, '''-t''' verbs, and '''-n''' verbs. The conjugation tables below show a preview of how the regular verbs conjugate in each category. Conjugation in other tenses includes more fusional aspects.


======-o verbs======
'''-o verbs'''
 
The root is formed by subtracting the final "'''o'''."


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
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! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | '''konpharo''' [kon.'pʰɑ.ɾo] ''to speak''<br />''verbal root:'' '''''konphar-'''''
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | '''konpharo''' [kon.'pʰɑ.ɾo] ''to speak''<br />''root:'' '''''konphar-'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Singular
Line 412: Line 622:
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | '''un'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''un'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
|-
|-
| 2nd pers || style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''anni'''  
| style="background-color:#ededed;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''anni'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''ima'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''ima'''  
|}
|}


======-t verbs======
'''-t verbs'''
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
The root is formed by changing the final "'''t'''" to a "'''d'''."


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
Line 439: Line 653:
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | '''phramit''' ['pʰɾɑ.mit] ''to push''<br />''verbal root:'' '''''phramid-'''''
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | '''phramit''' ['pʰɾɑ.mit] ''to push''<br />''root:'' '''''phramid-'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | Singular
Line 451: Line 665:
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | neut  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | neut  
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#cfddee;" | pramid'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''un'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''un'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -  
|-
|-
| 2nd pers || style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''anni'''
| style="background-color:#ededed;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''anni'''
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -  
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -  
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -'''ima'''  
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''ima'''  
|-
|-
|}
|}


======-n verbs======
'''-n verbs'''
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
The root is the same as the infinitive.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
Line 480: Line 698:
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | '''shailan''' [ʃaɪ.'lɑn] ''to sit''<br />''verbal root:'' '''''shailan-'''''
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | '''shailan''' [ʃaɪ.'lɑn] ''to sit''<br />''root:'' '''''shailan-'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | Singular
Line 493: Line 711:
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eac1c1;"| shailan'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eac1c1;"| shailan'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''un'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''un'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -
|-
|-
| 2nd pers || style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''anni'''  
| style="background-color:#ededed;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''anni'''  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -'''ima'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''ima'''


|}
|}


=====Irregular Verbs=====
'''Irregular Verbs'''
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Although labelled irregular, the verbs still have a regular feel in that they still use the same personal endings; however, the root is derived slightly differently. One example is the verb '''''harlan'''''.
Although labelled irregular, the verbs still have a regular feel in that they still use the same personal endings; however, the root is derived slightly differently. One example is the verb '''''harlan'''''.
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! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | '''harlan''' [hɑɾ.'lɑn] ''to be''<br />''verbal root:'' '''''harl-'''''
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | '''harlan''' [hɑɾ.'lɑn] ''to be''<br />''root:'' '''''harl-'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Singular
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|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | '''un'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''un'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
|-
|-
| 2nd pers || style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''anni'''  
| style="background-color:#ececec;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''anni'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -'''ima'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''ima'''  
|}
|}
====Moods====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
'''Indicative'''
The indicative mood is the simplest of the moods and requires no extra suffixes.
'''Imperative'''
The imperative form of the verb is simply the root with the vocative case (which can be either implied or explicit). Currently, this is still in development. I must discover the explanations of the imperative mood in first person plural and second person plural.
Examples:
# famannu, konphar!
#* Hey you, speak!
# fanamin, nathar namineme!
#* Hey you, be quiet! ''(lit. quiet yourselves)''
# fabrian, shailan!
#* Brian, sit!
Vocabulary:
# '''konpharo''' (konphar-) ''v.'' to speak
# '''natharo''' (nathar-) ''v.'' to quell, pacify
# '''mannu''' ''pronoun'' you (fem. sing.)
# '''namin''' ''pronoun'' you (masc. pl.)
# '''shailan''' (shailan-) ''v.'' to sit<br />
'''Subjunctive'''
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
The subjunctive mood has many different facets. For now, we will talk about wants/wishes.
In the present tense, the expression of want is done by using the verb '''hankhan''' ''to want'' + infinitive.
Examples:
* <code>'''hankhan-in &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kilikho kansaptha-me'''</code><br /><code>want &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG &nbsp;see.INF forest.N -ACC</code><br /> ''I want to see (the) forest''
====Passive Voice====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
The [[w:Passive_voice|passive voice]] is formed by adding the suffix -'''im''' after the root before any other additional suffixes. The passive voice does not apply to the present tense at this moment.
Example:
* '''madhit''' (madhid-) ''v.'' to give
*# <code>'''madhid-ikh-i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;khanishu-me &nbsp;u&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-mela'''</code><br /><code>give- &nbsp;PST-3MSG PN.3MSG book.F &nbsp;-ACC PN.3FSG-DAT</code><br />''He gave the book to her''
*#* The verb agrees with the subject ''he'' (i).
*# <code>'''madhid-<u>im</u> &nbsp;-ikh-u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;khanishu u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-mela'''</code><br /><code>give &nbsp;-<u>PASS</u>-PST-3FSG book.F &nbsp;&nbsp;PN.3FSG-DAT</code><br />''The book was given to her''
*#* The verb agrees with ''book'' since there is no subject initiating the action; however, ''book'' is still affected by the action, hence the accusative case.
====Negation====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
Negation is accomplished by adding the prefix '''dha(k)'''-. The phoneme /k/ is added before verbs with either initial vowel or initial /h/, which in turn morphs into /kʰ/.
#'''konpharo''' (konphar-)<br/>''to speak''
#*konphar'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I speak''
#*'''<u>dha</u>'''konpharin<br/>''I do not speak, I am not speaking''
#'''hankhan''' (hankhan-)<br/>''to want, wish''
#*hankhan'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I want''
#*'''<u>dhak</u>'''hankhanin<br/>''I do not want''
#'''artemit''' (artemid-)<br/>''to continue''
#*artemid'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I continue''
#*'''<u>dhak</u>'''artemidin<br/>''I do not continue''


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===


[[w:Adjective|Adjectives]] behave a little differently from other words in that they:
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


# must be placed in front of the noun which they modify
[[w:Adjective|Adjectives]] behave a little differently than most natural languages. All adjectives are roots since they must agree in gender with the noun which they modify. For placement, adjectives must be placed in front of the noun which they modify.
# must agree in gender, but not in number or grammatical case


==Syntax==
==Syntax==


<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
===Morphosyntactic Alignment===
===Morphosyntactic Alignment===


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===Word Order===
===Word Order===


[[w:Verb-subject-object|Verb-Subject-Object]] (VSO). Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are largely unnecessary except for emphasis or clarification. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
The basic word order is [[w:Verb-subject-object|Verb-Subject-Object]] (VSO). Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are largely unnecessary except for emphasis or clarification. The nouns are altered to denote case, greatly diminishing the need for prepositions. In addition, below are the basic syntax rules for word order:
 
#The word order changes to Subject-Verb-Object only in the vocative case.
#Adjectives are placed '''''before''''' the noun.
#*Ordinal numbers are treated as adjectives (see below regarding [[Lortho#Word_Agreement|word agreement]])
#Adverbs are placed '''''after''''' the verb.
#Interrogatives (who, what, et al) are placed '''''before''''' the verb.
#The question marker (represented in the Leipzig Glossing Rules as '''Q''') is placed at the '''''beginning''''' of the sentence to denote a question.
 
<!---
<!---
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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--->
--->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
===Word Agreement===
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
<!--===Word Order===
In Lortho, the word order is verb, (subject), object. Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are unnecessary except for emphasis. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.-->
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
There are four basic rules which govern agreement between words:
#Verbs must agree in gender and number with the subject (explicit or implied)
# Cardinal numbers do not take case nor gender
#Nouns are not pluralized when counted
#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;kansaphu-ne-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG tree.F &nbsp;-PL-ACC</code><br />''I see trees''
#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;bon kansaphu-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG two tree.F &nbsp;-ACC</code><br />''I see two trees (lit: I see two tree)''
#[[Lortho#Adjectives|Adjectives]] must agree with the noun which they modify in gender, but not in grammatical case nor number


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsed mw-collapsible"
! Grammar Samples
|-
|
Examples of grammatical case, verb conjugation, and word order.
<u>Nominative Case</u>
* '''thomid-a kansaptha'''<br />live-3NSG forest.N<br />''The forest lives''
<u>Accusative Case</u>
* '''kilikh-in hin kansaptha-me'''<br />see-1MSG PN.1MSG forest.N-ACC<br />''I see the forest''
<u>Dative Case</u>
* '''madhid-ikh-in hin ikhi dhammu-me i-mela'''<br />give-PST-1MSG PN.1MSG chair-ACC PN.3MSG-DAT<br />''I gave a chair to him''
<u>Genitive Case</u>
* '''madhid-ikh-in hin ikhi dhalannu-me ni-dhammu-nalo u-mela'''<br />give-PST-1MSG PN.1MSG one leg.F-ACC POSS.1MSG-chair-GEN PN.3FSG-DAT<br />''I gave a leg of my chair to her.''
<u>Sublative Case</u>
* '''kaura lharid-ikh-annu kansaptha-dan?'''<br />Q run-PST-2FPL forest.F-SUBL<br />''Did you run into the forest?''
<u>Ablative Case</u>
* '''lharid-ikh-<u>un</u>-i-<u>an</u> kansaptha-nat'''<br />run-PST-<u>1MPL</u>-PROG forest.F-ABL<br />''We were running out of the forest''
<u>Allative Case</u>
* '''kaura malar lharid-in-unan numa-dharati-dan?'''<br />Q why run-PFV-1FPL POSS.1FPL-house.M-ALL<br />''Why have we run towards our house?''
<u>Prolative Case</u>
* '''lharid-in-i toshani kansaptha-danar'''<br />run-PFV-3MSG dragon.M forest-PROL<br />''The dragon has run through the forest''
<u>Instructive</u>
* '''bilar-ikh-amin nani-dharati-me noima-len'''<br />build-PST-2MPL POSS.2MPL-house-ACC wood.N-INST<br />''You built your house with (using) wood''
<u>Vocative</u>
* '''fa-toshani, dha-tumed-anni nukhimo hin-eme!'''<br />VOC-dragon, NEG-able-2MSG destroy.INF PN.1MSG-ACC<br />''O dragon, you cannot destroy me!''
|}
===Writing Samples===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | [[File:LorthoSample.JPG|400px|Sample Text]]
|-
| Text
| Translation
|-
| '''konpharin lorthome'''
| I speak Lortho
|-
|}
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| The people are known as people of the<br /> lanterns and they lived in that forest.
| The people are known as people of the<br /> lanterns and they lived in that forest.
|}
|}
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| Translation
| Translation
|-
|-
| '''lharidikhin kansapthanat hana tharnidikhin<br />dharakhime. konpharinin toshanimela hana<br />semanikhin, "hankhanin malhiro<br /> danadanar." remedikhi toshani,<br /> "dhamalhirianni danadanar."'''
| '''lharidikhin kansapthanat hana tharnidikhin<br />dharakhime. konpharinin toshanimela hana<br />semanikhin, "hankhanin malhiro<br /> danadanar<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">1</sup>." remedikhi toshani,<br /> "dhamalhirianni danadanar."'''
| I ran out of the forest and climbed the mountain.<br /> I was speaking to the dragon and said, "I want<br /> to walk through here." The dragon replied,<br /> "You will not walk through here."<br />  
| I ran out of the forest and climbed the mountain.<br /> I was speaking to the dragon and said, "I want<br /> to walk through here." The dragon replied,<br /> "You will not walk through here."<br />  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Source:''' [https://www.instagram.com/p/BWmOEyinpTA/?taken-by=bbbourq Brian's Instagram post]
| colspan="2" | This was taken from Brian's Instagram account<ref>Bourque, B. (2017, July 15). ''My newest text in my invented language''. [Instagram post]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BWmOEyinpTA/?taken-by=bbbourq</ref>
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>1</sup>This has been recently changed to ''-dar'' to reduce multi-syllabic affixes.</p>
|}
 
{|
|-
| [[File:Handwriting_lortho.jpg|600px|Handwritten Lortho]]
|-
| The latest version of handwritten Lortho.
|}
|}


==Additional Information==
===Folklore===
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
{|
| style="font-size:2em;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''''The Unlucky Fox'''''
|-
| [[File:TheUnuckyFox.png]]
|-
| '''Romanization:'''<br/>shadar lharane dasat dharakhinat harlikhi nuphi.<br/>khabalikhi nuphi dalhotamekhon dhaharlikha halhadar a.<br/>kilikhikhi ikhi molha kansapume.<br/>harlikha dirdhalama lidalhota mokansapoina.<br/>khar khesikhi nuphi kansapume denalikhu kansapu lukhothume hana tushadikhu khashume nuphinalo.<br/>tharikhu bonhan monu saurammu thasame nuphinalo.
|-
| '''IPA:'''<br/>{{IPA|ˈʃɑ.dɑɾ lhɑ.ˈɾɑ.nɛ ˈdɑ.sɑt dʰɑ.ˈɾɑ.kʰi.nɑt ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi<br/>kʰɑ.ˈbɑl.ikʰ.i ˈnu.pʰi dɑl.ˈho.tɑ.mɛ.kʰon dʰɑ.ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ ˈhɑl.hɑ.dɑɾ ɑ<br/>ki.ˈli.kʰi.kʰi ˈi.kʰi ˈmol.hɑ kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ<br/>ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ diɾ.dʰɑ.ˈlɑ.mɑ li.dɑl.ˈho.tɑ mo.kɑn.ˈsɑ.pɔɪ.nɑ. kʰɑɾ ˈkʰɛ.si.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ dɛ<br/>ˈnɑ.li.kʰu kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu lu.ˈkʰo.tʰu.mɛ ˈhɑ.nɑ tu.ˈʃɑ.di.kʰu ˈkʰɑ.ʃu.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑlo<br/>ˈtʰɑ.ɾi.kʰu ˈbon.hɑn ˈmo.nu saʊ.ˈɾɑm.mu ˈtʰɑ.sɑ.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑ.lo}}
|-
| '''Leipzig Gloss:'''
shadar  lhara-ne dasat      dharakhi  -nat harl-ikh-i    nuphi
'''ago.ADV year -PL beyond.ADV mountain.M-ABL be  -PST-3MSG fox.M'''
''Once upon a time, there was the fox''


<!-- Template area -->
khabal-ikh-i    nuphi dalhota-me -khon dha-harl-ikh-a    halhadar a
'''search-PST-3MSG fox.M food.N -ACC-but  NEG-be  -PST-3NSG much.ADJ PN.3NSG'''
''The fox searched for food, but there was not much of it''


<!--===Word Order===
kilikh-ikh-i    ikhi molha  kansapu-me
'''see  -PST-3MSG one  huge-N tree.N -ACC'''
''It saw a huge tree''


In Lortho, the word order is verb, (subject), object. Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are unnecessary except for emphasis. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.-->
harl-ikh-a    dir    -dhalam-a li          -dalhota mo  -kansapo-ina
'''be  -PST-3NSG SUPERL  -good  -N PN.POSS.3MSG-food.N  that -tree.F -SUBL'''
''Its favorite food was in that tree''


====Word Agreement====
khar khes  -ikh-i    nuphi kansapu-me  denal-ikh-u    kansapu lu          -khothu-me  hana tushad-ikh-u    khashu-me  nuphi-nalo
'''when scratch-PST-3MSG fox.M tree.F -ACC close-PST-3FSG tree.F  PN.POSS.3FSG-wall.F-ACC and  bury  -PST-3FSG head.F-ACC fox.M-GEN'''
''When the fox scratched the tree, the tree closed its wall (here it means bark) and buried (trapped) the fox's head''


The three following rules govern agreement between words:
thar-ikh-u    bonhan mon  -u saurammu thasa -me  nuphi-nalo
'''eat -PST-3FSG twenty other-F animal.F head.N-ACC fox.M-GEN'''
''Twenty other animals ate the fox's body
''
|-
| I know this story is a little morbid; however, I was compelled to write a backstory as to why in Lorthoan culture calling someone a "fox" is considered derogatory, as in someone who is utterly unlucky or who has amassed misfortune.
|}


#Verbs must agree in gender and number with the subject (explicit or implied)
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
#Nouns are not pluralized when counted (e.g. ''there are trees'' '''vs''' ''there are two tree'')
#Adjectives must agree with the noun which they modify in gender, but not in grammatical case or number


==Resources==
==Resources==


===Linguistics===
===Linguistics===
[https://www.youtube.com/user/timbrookesxi Endangered Alphabets] - YouTube channel about 14 of the world's writing systems threatened with extinction<br />
 
[http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org International Phonetic Alphabet]<br />
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFuOFZ0wFoHK2deKFldaLGA Glossika Phonics] - YouTube channel for IPA pronunciation<br />
 
[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMk_WSPy3EE16aK5HLzCJzw NativLang] - YouTube channel about the history of written and spoken language<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/timbrookesxi Endangered Alphabets] - YouTube channel about 14 of the world's writing systems threatened with extinction
[http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot]<br />
* [http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org International Phonetic Alphabet]
[http://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary (English)]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFuOFZ0wFoHK2deKFldaLGA Glossika Phonics] - YouTube channel for IPA pronunciation
[https://www.reddit.com/r/linguistics Reddit: Linguistics]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMk_WSPy3EE16aK5HLzCJzw NativLang] - YouTube channel about the history of written and spoken language
[https://www.youtube.com/user/WikiTongues Wikitongues] - A not for profit YouTube project to help preserve the world's living languages<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot]
[http://wals.info World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)]<br />
* [http://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary (English)]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/linguistics Reddit: Linguistics]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/WikiTongues Wikitongues] - A not for profit YouTube project to help preserve the world's living languages
* [http://wals.info World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)]


===Constructed Languages===
===Constructed Languages===
[http://cals.info Conlang Atlas of Language Structures (CALS)]<br />
 
[http://www.aveneca.com/cbb Conlang Bulletin Board (CBB)]<br />
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
[https://www.youtube.com/user/HBMmaster8472 Conlang Critic] - A YouTube vlogger who offers insight on conlangs<br />
 
[https://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html Conlang Mailing List]<br />
* [http://cals.info Conlang Atlas of Language Structures (CALS)]
[http://relaymuseum.cals.info Conlang Relay Museum on CALS]<br />
* [http://www.aveneca.com/cbb Conlang Bulletin Board (CBB)]
[http://conworkshop.info ConWorkShop] - an online one-stop-shop for cataloging your conlang<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/HBMmaster8472 Conlang Critic] - A YouTube vlogger who offers insight on conlangs
[http://conlang.org Language Creation Society (LCS)]<br />
* [https://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html Conlang Mailing List]
[https://www.youtube.com/user/fiatlingua LCS on YouTube]<br />
* [http://relaymuseum.cals.info Conlang Relay Museum on CALS]
[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs Reddit: Conlangs]<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang Conlanging on Wikibooks]
[https://www.reddit.com/r/neography Reddit: Neography (Constructed Scripts)]<br />
* [http://conworkshop.info ConWorkShop] - an online one-stop-shop for cataloging your conlang
[http://specgram.com Speculative Grammarian] - A satirical periodical on linguistics and conlangery<br />
* [http://fiatlingua.org/about Fiat Lingua] - an online archive of conlang articles
[http://www.incatena.org Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB)]<br />
* [[Guide:Writing_system|Guide: Writing System]] - A guide on how to develop your own writing system
* [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society (LCS)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fiatlingua LCS on YouTube]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs Reddit: Conlangs]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/neography Reddit: Neography (Constructed Scripts)]
* [http://specgram.com Speculative Grammarian] - A satirical periodical on linguistics and conlangery
* [http://www.incatena.org Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB)]


===Lortho===
===Lortho===
[http://cals.info/language/lortho Lortho on CALS]<br />
 
[http://conworkshop.info/view_language.php?l=LTH Lortho on ConWorkShop]<br />
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
[https://www.frathwiki.com/Lortho Lortho on FrathWiki]<br />
 
* [http://cals.info/language/lortho Lortho on CALS]
* [http://relaymuseum.cals.info/relay/24 Lortho in the 24th Conlang Relay (8th Position)]
* [http://conworkshop.info/view_language.php?l=LTH Lortho on ConWorkShop]
* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Lortho Lortho on FrathWiki]
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CzVn9nh9F8sVaF74tK8xgeIEKHY4B9RdYC3svJqG_i0/edit?usp=sharing Lortho Lexicon]
* [http://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334 The World of Dhamashi] (CBB)
* [http://conworlds.fun/cwbb/viewtopic.php?t=1490 The World of Dhamashi] (Conworlds.fun) <- Archived and moved to a different site
* [http://lortho.conlang.org Lortho hosted on LCS]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/dhadakha.htm Lortho on Omniglot]
* [https://lortho.conlang.org/dictionary/lDict.pdf Lortho – English Dictionary]


===Miscellaneous===
===Miscellaneous===
[https://discord.gg/3CWdJ9 Sajem Tan (Common Honey) Collaborative Conlang Discord Server]<br />
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
* [https://discord.gg/3CWdJ9 Sajem Tan (Common Honey) Collaborative Conlang Discord Server]<br/>
* [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bbbourq Brian on Instagram]<br/>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div>


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Synthetic languages]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Nominative-accusative languages]]

Latest revision as of 23:42, 24 February 2023

Lortho
Lortho
Lortho.JPG
Pronunciation[ˈloɾ.tʰo]
Created byBrian Bourque
Date2003, 2016
SettingDhamashi, a circumbinary planet
Native speakers~ 60,000,000
Early forms
Proto-Lamona
  • Old Lortho
Language codes
CLCRqlt

Lortho is an a priori constructed language created by Brian Bourque in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the script was created for aesthetics. It is an agglutinating language with some minor fusional aspects.

The people (Kalanune) who speak Lortho live on Dhamashi,[1] a circumbinary planet which is itself one of the habitable moons orbiting the gas giant Kus. The planet's surface has many similarities to Earth where it has oceans, mountains, deserts, and forests. The planet has three major continents: Mashonu, Kashti, and Lamona. The Kalanune live on Lamona.


Inspiration

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A friend was creating a board game similar to Risk; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an extraterrestrial theme and requested a fictional script. The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. Brian was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the Conlang Mailing List [2] and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then he decided to move forward and bring Lortho into fruition. The language itself was not invented until the spring of 2016.

Much of the language stems from the languages that Brian knows, namely Persian, French, and Korean. Although the language is a priori, much of its construction resembles that of an Indo-European flavor; albeit unintentionally. The phonology is largely inspired by Persian (Farsi) in that each letter is strictly pronounced regardless of their position in the the syllable/word. The agglutinating aspect of the language was largely influence by both Hungarian and Finnish. The orthography was inspired by Central/East Asian orthographies which is further expounded below.

Another source of inspiration is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds leading to coherent speech and communication, she "created" words to communicate her wants and needs. Some of these words found their way into the Lortho lexicon.

NOTE: The map below is not 100% scientifically accurate and needs improvement.


Dhamashi
      Kashti      Lamona Mashonu
Dhamashi

Etymology of Lortho

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Lortho is a combination of Lor, the god from which their story of life stems, and -tho, the inalienable form for the genitive case. It has since become a noun and can take other case endings (e.g. konpharin lorthome - I speak Lortho-ACC).

The mountain whence Lor is said to originate is called Malhi Dharakhi, "Great Mountain," and is located in the coastal mountain range on the west coast of Lamona.

Goals

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The goal is to create the gradual progression of Lortho which will lead to the development of daughter languages and, eventually, create sister languages which have developed on different parts of the planet. The aforementioned goal is a little outdated and no longer is appropriate. The long term goal is to see this language develop to a fully usable language. To the point where people from the general public wish to learn it. It is ambitious, but I think Lortho and it's world might take off. In the words of Jim Hopkins (Itláni): "Lortho exists in 'Realms-Somewhere-Real.'"

A secondary goal is to see this language come to life on the screen either in a series or feature film.

Phonology

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Consonants

There are 18 consonants[3][4] in Lortho and all are strictly pronounced the same regardless of placement.

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive   p   pʰ   b   t   tʰ     d   dʱ     k   kʰ          
Fricative f s ʃ h   
Lateral Approximant l   ʰl
Tap or Flap ɾ

Vowels

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Monophthongs[4]


  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u  
o  
ɛ
ɑ 
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Diphthongs

LorthoDiphthongs Chart.png

Phonotactics

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Syllable Structure

The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C).

  • The syllables can be constructed as:
    • V
    • CV
    • CVV
    • VC
    • CVC
    • CVVC

Consonant Clusters

There are no consonant clusters allowed in onsets or codas; however, clusters formed from adjacent syllables (i.e. coda + onset) are allowed. These clusters are:

  1. /nd/
  2. /nk/ (with an allophone of [ŋk])
  3. /np/ (with an allophone of [mp] e.g. the verb konpharo to speak)
  4. /ns/
  5. /pt/
  6. /rt/
  7. /sk/
  8. /pr/

Prosody

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Stress

Stress in Lortho is handled as follows:

  1. Stress is always on the penultimatae syllable of the root or infinitive except:
    • -n verbs will always receive stress on the final syllable of the infinitive or root.
    • Pluralized nouns will shift the stress to the penultimate syllable.
  2. If the word is two syllables long, then the stress is on the first syllable.
  3. Stress is neither given to prefixes nor suffixes.


Orthography

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Writing System

The writing system of Lortho is called Dhadakha, so named from the first three letters. It is an alphabet with some featural aspects in denoting aspirated vs tenuis consonants. Dhadakha is comprised of 21 letters, one of which is a vowel. The writing system behaves in a similar manner to an abugida; however, there are no conjunct consonants and vowels are given equal status as consonants. Ligatures are formed by consonant + vowel with the vowels [i] and [ɛ] being the exceptions. Lortho's script was inspired by the Devanagari, Uchen, and Tengwar writing systems.

UPDATE:
This script has been revised to include a "common" script. More to come.

 

Lortho Alphabet
Lortho Alphabet


Vowels and Vowel Constructs

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Monophthongs

Vowels (except [i]) are attached to the preceding consonant forming ligatures.

Lortho Vowels
Lortho Vowels


Diphthongs

The diphthongs are written as seen below.

Lortho Diphthongs
Lortho diphthongs


Word-Initial Vowels and Diphthongs

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For word-initial vowels, the letter [i] will be used as the place holder (unless the [i] is the vowel) and the additional vowel will be added as one would on a consonant-vowel ligature.

Romanized Text

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Since Lortho has its own script, a romanized version has been set up to make it easy to read and pronounce as shown in the tables below.

Consonants
IPA dʰ d kʰ k lʰ l tʰ t pʰ p ʃ s n nː m mː h b f ɾ
Romanization dh d kh k lh l th t ph p sh s n nn m mm h b f r
Monophthongs
IPA i ɑ ɛ u o
Romanization i a e u o
Diphthongs
IPA aɪ aʊ ɔɪ eɪ
Romanization ai au oi ei

Morphology

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Nouns

Introduction

Nouns in Lortho have three distinct features:

  1. They are one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter
  2. All nouns can be modified to denote case
  3. All nouns end in a vowel (with few exceptions)

Gender

Masculine Feminine Neuter
-i
dharakhi
mountain		 -u
dhammu
chair		 -a
hadikha
country, land

Exceptions:

There there are a couple nouns that do not follow the above rules for gender (this will increase as Lortho's lexicon grows):

Masculine Feminine Neuter
tapas
pasta		 dhi
water

Grammatical Case

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Lortho has ten cases. The vowels in parentheses are added if the word ends in a consonant. The following word will be used for demonstration:

  • kansaptha
    (n. neut.)
  1. woods, forest
Case Affix Example Translation
Nominative - kansaptha woods, forest
Accusative -me kansapthame forest (direct obj.)
Dative -mela kansapthamela forest (indirect obj.)
Genitive1 -nau kansapthanau of the forest
Lative -ina/ena kansaptaina in/into the forest
Ablative -nat kansapthanat out of/from the forest
Allative -dan kansapthadan to/towards the forest
Prolative -dar kansapthadar through/via/by way of the forest
Instrumental -len kansapthalen using the forest
Vocative fa(l)- fakansaptha Hey, Forest!

1 -nau is the alienable genitive whereas -tho is the inalienable genitive as seen in the endonym Lortho.

Possessive

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The personal possessive is formed using a prefix which is gender and number specific. We will use the following word:

  • dhammu
    (n. fem.)
  1. chair, seat
Person Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
1st person nidhammu nudhammu - nimadhammu numadhammu -
2nd person lindhammu lundhammu - nanidhammu nanudhammu -
3rd person lidhammu ludhammu ladhammu limidhammu limudhammu limadhammu

Pluralization

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Each noun is pluralized by adding a suffix:

  1. Feminine (-u) and Neuter (-a) nouns add the plural suffix -ne:
    • Examples:
    1. Feminine: kansaphu (n. fem) tree; pl kansaphune
    2. Neuter: hadikha (n. neut) land, country; pl hadikhane
  2. Masculine nouns (-i):
    • Regular masculine nouns will add the infix -en- before -i:
    • Masculine nouns that end in -ni will add the infix -em-.
    • Examples:
    1. olakhi (n. masc) boat; pl olakheni
    2. phorenni (n. masc) peak, summit; pl phoɾennemi
    • If the noun ends in a consonant, the suffix -eni will be added:
    1. Example: tapas (n. masc) pasta; pl tapaseni

Reduplication

A recent discovery in Lortho is the use of reduplication. So far, one example has emerged:

kisha [ˈki.ʃa]
plural kishane [ki.ˈʃa.ne]
  1. a repeated design; pattern
  2. (kisha kisha) an overly used pattern which loses its effect over time; a pattern of movements no longer requiring thought (e.g. muscle memory)
    plural: kisha kishane

Personal Pronouns

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1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL
Masculine hin manni i minan namin nimi
Feminine hun mannu u munan namun nimu
Neuter a naman2 nima

2 The 2nd person plural neuter, naman, is meant for addressing crowds or general audiences

Verbs

Introduction

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Verbs are conjugated in gender and in number which are governed by the subject (written or implied). For the most part the conjugations are simple and are formed through agglutination; however, there are slight fusional changes that occur when denoting aspect.

Conjugation

Regular Verbs

There are three main verbs in Lortho: -o verbs, -t verbs, and -n verbs. The conjugation tables below show a preview of how the regular verbs conjugate in each category. Conjugation in other tenses includes more fusional aspects.

-o verbs

The root is formed by subtracting the final "o."

Present Tense
konpharo [kon.'pʰɑ.ɾo] to speak
root: konphar-
Singular Plural
masc fem neut masc fem neut
1st pers konpharin konpharun - konpharinan konpharunan -
2nd pers konpharanni konpharannu - konpharamin konpharamun -
3rd pers konphari konpharu konphara konpharimi konpharimu konpharima

-t verbs

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The root is formed by changing the final "t" to a "d."

Present Tense
phramit ['pʰɾɑ.mit] to push
root: phramid-
Singular Plural
masc fem neut masc fem neut
1st pers phramidin phramidun - phramidinan phramidunan -
2nd pers phramidanni phramidannu - phramidamin phramidamun -
3rd pers phramidi phramidu phramida phramidimi phramidimu phramidima

-n verbs

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The root is the same as the infinitive.

Present Tense
shailan [ʃaɪ.'lɑn] to sit
root: shailan-
Singular Plural
masc fem neut masc fem neut
1st pers shailanin shailanun - shailaninan shailanunan -
2nd pers shailananni shailanannu - shailanamin shailanamun -
3rd pers shailani shailanu shailana shailanimi shailanimu shailanima

Irregular Verbs

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Although labelled irregular, the verbs still have a regular feel in that they still use the same personal endings; however, the root is derived slightly differently. One example is the verb harlan.

Present Tense
harlan [hɑɾ.'lɑn] to be
root: harl-
Singular Plural
masc fem neut masc fem neut
1st pers harlin harlun - harlinan harlunan -
2nd pers harlanni harlannu - harlamin harlamun -
3rd pers harli harlu harla harlimi harlimu harlima

Moods

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Indicative

The indicative mood is the simplest of the moods and requires no extra suffixes.


Imperative

The imperative form of the verb is simply the root with the vocative case (which can be either implied or explicit). Currently, this is still in development. I must discover the explanations of the imperative mood in first person plural and second person plural.

Examples:

  1. famannu, konphar!
    • Hey you, speak!
  2. fanamin, nathar namineme!
    • Hey you, be quiet! (lit. quiet yourselves)
  3. fabrian, shailan!
    • Brian, sit!

Vocabulary:

  1. konpharo (konphar-) v. to speak
  2. natharo (nathar-) v. to quell, pacify
  3. mannu pronoun you (fem. sing.)
  4. namin pronoun you (masc. pl.)
  5. shailan (shailan-) v. to sit


Subjunctive

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The subjunctive mood has many different facets. For now, we will talk about wants/wishes.

In the present tense, the expression of want is done by using the verb hankhan to want + infinitive.

Examples:

  • hankhan-in    kilikho kansaptha-me
    want   -1MSG  see.INF forest.N -ACC
    I want to see (the) forest

Passive Voice

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The passive voice is formed by adding the suffix -im after the root before any other additional suffixes. The passive voice does not apply to the present tense at this moment.

Example:

  • madhit (madhid-) v. to give
    1. madhid-ikh-i    i       khanishu-me  u      -mela
      give-  PST-3MSG PN.3MSG book.F  -ACC PN.3FSG-DAT
      He gave the book to her
      • The verb agrees with the subject he (i).
    2. madhid-im  -ikh-u    khanishu u      -mela
      give  -PASS-PST-3FSG book.F   PN.3FSG-DAT
      The book was given to her
      • The verb agrees with book since there is no subject initiating the action; however, book is still affected by the action, hence the accusative case.

Negation

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Negation is accomplished by adding the prefix dha(k)-. The phoneme /k/ is added before verbs with either initial vowel or initial /h/, which in turn morphs into /kʰ/.

  1. konpharo (konphar-)
    to speak
    • konpharin
      I speak
    • dhakonpharin
      I do not speak, I am not speaking
  2. hankhan (hankhan-)
    to want, wish
    • hankhanin
      I want
    • dhakhankhanin
      I do not want
  3. artemit (artemid-)
    to continue
    • artemidin
      I continue
    • dhakartemidin
      I do not continue

Adjectives

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Adjectives behave a little differently than most natural languages. All adjectives are roots since they must agree in gender with the noun which they modify. For placement, adjectives must be placed in front of the noun which they modify.

Syntax

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Morphosyntactic Alignment

The morphosyntactic alignment of Lortho is Nominative - Accusative.

Word Order

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The basic word order is Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are largely unnecessary except for emphasis or clarification. The nouns are altered to denote case, greatly diminishing the need for prepositions. In addition, below are the basic syntax rules for word order:

  1. The word order changes to Subject-Verb-Object only in the vocative case.
  2. Adjectives are placed before the noun.
    • Ordinal numbers are treated as adjectives (see below regarding word agreement)
  3. Adverbs are placed after the verb.
  4. Interrogatives (who, what, et al) are placed before the verb.
  5. The question marker (represented in the Leipzig Glossing Rules as Q) is placed at the beginning of the sentence to denote a question.


Word Agreement

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There are four basic rules which govern agreement between words:

  1. Verbs must agree in gender and number with the subject (explicit or implied)
  2. Cardinal numbers do not take case nor gender
  3. Nouns are not pluralized when counted
    • kilikh-in   kansaphu-ne-me
      see   -1MSG tree.F  -PL-ACC
      I see trees
    • kilikh-in   bon kansaphu-me
      see   -1MSG two tree.F  -ACC
      I see two trees (lit: I see two tree)
  4. Adjectives must agree with the noun which they modify in gender, but not in grammatical case nor number

Example texts

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Grammar Samples

Examples of grammatical case, verb conjugation, and word order.

Nominative Case

  • thomid-a kansaptha
    live-3NSG forest.N
    The forest lives

Accusative Case

  • kilikh-in hin kansaptha-me
    see-1MSG PN.1MSG forest.N-ACC
    I see the forest

Dative Case

  • madhid-ikh-in hin ikhi dhammu-me i-mela
    give-PST-1MSG PN.1MSG chair-ACC PN.3MSG-DAT
    I gave a chair to him

Genitive Case

  • madhid-ikh-in hin ikhi dhalannu-me ni-dhammu-nalo u-mela
    give-PST-1MSG PN.1MSG one leg.F-ACC POSS.1MSG-chair-GEN PN.3FSG-DAT
    I gave a leg of my chair to her.

Sublative Case

  • kaura lharid-ikh-annu kansaptha-dan?
    Q run-PST-2FPL forest.F-SUBL
    Did you run into the forest?

Ablative Case

  • lharid-ikh-un-i-an kansaptha-nat
    run-PST-1MPL-PROG forest.F-ABL
    We were running out of the forest

Allative Case

  • kaura malar lharid-in-unan numa-dharati-dan?
    Q why run-PFV-1FPL POSS.1FPL-house.M-ALL
    Why have we run towards our house?

Prolative Case

  • lharid-in-i toshani kansaptha-danar
    run-PFV-3MSG dragon.M forest-PROL
    The dragon has run through the forest

Instructive

  • bilar-ikh-amin nani-dharati-me noima-len
    build-PST-2MPL POSS.2MPL-house-ACC wood.N-INST
    You built your house with (using) wood

Vocative

  • fa-toshani, dha-tumed-anni nukhimo hin-eme!
    VOC-dragon, NEG-able-2MSG destroy.INF PN.1MSG-ACC
    O dragon, you cannot destroy me!

Writing Samples

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Sample Text
Text Translation
konpharin lorthome I speak Lortho
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Lortho Sample
Text Translation
kalanune denimanimu kalanune khonaminalo
hana tomidikhimu ma kansapthaina 		The people are known as people of the
lanterns and they lived in that forest.
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Longer Sample
Text Translation
lharidikhin kansapthanat hana tharnidikhin
dharakhime. konpharinin toshanimela hana
semanikhin, "hankhanin malhiro
danadanar1." remedikhi toshani,
"dhamalhirianni danadanar." 		I ran out of the forest and climbed the mountain.
I was speaking to the dragon and said, "I want
to walk through here." The dragon replied,
"You will not walk through here."
This was taken from Brian's Instagram account[5]

1This has been recently changed to -dar to reduce multi-syllabic affixes.

Handwritten Lortho
The latest version of handwritten Lortho.

Folklore

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   The Unlucky Fox
TheUnuckyFox.png
Romanization:
shadar lharane dasat dharakhinat harlikhi nuphi.
khabalikhi nuphi dalhotamekhon dhaharlikha halhadar a.
kilikhikhi ikhi molha kansapume.
harlikha dirdhalama lidalhota mokansapoina.
khar khesikhi nuphi kansapume denalikhu kansapu lukhothume hana tushadikhu khashume nuphinalo.
tharikhu bonhan monu saurammu thasame nuphinalo.
IPA:
ˈʃɑ.dɑɾ lhɑ.ˈɾɑ.nɛ ˈdɑ.sɑt dʰɑ.ˈɾɑ.kʰi.nɑt ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi
kʰɑ.ˈbɑl.ikʰ.i ˈnu.pʰi dɑl.ˈho.tɑ.mɛ.kʰon dʰɑ.ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ ˈhɑl.hɑ.dɑɾ ɑ
ki.ˈli.kʰi.kʰi ˈi.kʰi ˈmol.hɑ kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ
ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ diɾ.dʰɑ.ˈlɑ.mɑ li.dɑl.ˈho.tɑ mo.kɑn.ˈsɑ.pɔɪ.nɑ. kʰɑɾ ˈkʰɛ.si.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ dɛ
ˈnɑ.li.kʰu kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu lu.ˈkʰo.tʰu.mɛ ˈhɑ.nɑ tu.ˈʃɑ.di.kʰu ˈkʰɑ.ʃu.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑlo
ˈtʰɑ.ɾi.kʰu ˈbon.hɑn ˈmo.nu saʊ.ˈɾɑm.mu ˈtʰɑ.sɑ.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑ.lo
Leipzig Gloss: 
shadar  lhara-ne dasat      dharakhi  -nat harl-ikh-i    nuphi
ago.ADV year -PL beyond.ADV mountain.M-ABL be  -PST-3MSG fox.M
Once upon a time, there was the fox

khabal-ikh-i    nuphi dalhota-me -khon dha-harl-ikh-a    halhadar a
search-PST-3MSG fox.M food.N -ACC-but  NEG-be  -PST-3NSG much.ADJ PN.3NSG
The fox searched for food, but there was not much of it

kilikh-ikh-i    ikhi molha  kansapu-me
see   -PST-3MSG one  huge-N tree.N -ACC
It saw a huge tree

harl-ikh-a    dir     -dhalam-a li          -dalhota mo   -kansapo-ina
be  -PST-3NSG SUPERL  -good  -N PN.POSS.3MSG-food.N  that -tree.F -SUBL
Its favorite food was in that tree

khar khes   -ikh-i    nuphi kansapu-me  denal-ikh-u    kansapu lu          -khothu-me  hana tushad-ikh-u    khashu-me  nuphi-nalo
when scratch-PST-3MSG fox.M tree.F -ACC close-PST-3FSG tree.F  PN.POSS.3FSG-wall.F-ACC and  bury  -PST-3FSG head.F-ACC fox.M-GEN
When the fox scratched the tree, the tree closed its wall (here it means bark) and buried (trapped) the fox's head

thar-ikh-u    bonhan mon  -u saurammu thasa -me  nuphi-nalo
eat -PST-3FSG twenty other-F animal.F head.N-ACC fox.M-GEN
Twenty other animals ate the fox's body

I know this story is a little morbid; however, I was compelled to write a backstory as to why in Lorthoan culture calling someone a "fox" is considered derogatory, as in someone who is utterly unlucky or who has amassed misfortune.
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Resources

Linguistics

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Constructed Languages

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Lortho

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Miscellaneous

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References

  1. ^ Bourque, B. (2017, September 6). The language of Lortho and the world of Dhamashi. Retrieved from http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334
  2. ^ Conlang Mailing List. (n.d.). Retrieved from Brown University: http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html
  3. ^ International Phonetic Alphabet. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org
  4. ^ a b Guide:IPA. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://linguifex.com/wiki/Guide:IPA
  5. ^ Bourque, B. (2017, July 15). My newest text in my invented language. [Instagram post]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BWmOEyinpTA/?taken-by=bbbourq
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