Voþken: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(166 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 20: Line 20:
=Introduction=
=Introduction=


=Word Order=
=Phonology=
 
==Consonants==
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Post Alveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Plosive'''
!voiceless
|'''p''' /p/
|
|colspan="3"|'''t''' /t/
|
|'''k''' /k/
|-
!voiced
|'''b''' /b/
|
|colspan="3"|'''d''' /d/
|
|'''g''' /g/
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Nasal'''
|'''m''' /m/
|
|colspan="3"|'''n''' /n/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Fricative'''
!voiceless
|
|'''f''' /f/
|'''þ''' /θ/
|'''s''' /s/
|'''c''' /ʃ/
|
|'''h''' /x/
|-
!voiced
|
|'''v''' /v/
|'''ð''' /ð/
|'''s''' [z]*
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Approximant'''
|
|
|colspan="3"|'''r''' /ɹ/
|'''y''' /j/
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Lateral Approximant'''
|
|
|colspan="3"|'''l''' /l/
|
|
|}
''*allophone''
 
==Vowels==
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''''
!'''Front'''
!'''Central'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Diphthongs'''
|-
!'''Close'''
|'''i''' /i/
|
|'''u''' /u/
|
|-
!'''Near-Close'''
|'''i/y''' /ɪ/ [ɪ]*
|
|'''o''' /ʊ/
|
|-
!'''Close-Mid'''
|
|
|
|'''ei/ey''' /ej/
|-
!'''Mid'''
|
|'''e''' [ə]*
|
|
|-
!'''Open-Mid'''
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
|'''oi/oy''' /ɔɪ/
|-
!'''Near-Open'''
|'''a''' /æ/
|
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|'''a''' [a]*
|
|
|'''ai/ay''' /aj/
|}
''*allophone''
 
==Phonotactics==
===Allowed Syllables===
 
*(C)(C)V(C)(C)
 
'''Consonant Clusters'''
''Word Initial''
*[fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
*[stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]
''Word Internal''
 
''Word Final''
*[fricative]+[stop]
*[stop]+[fricative]
*/m/+/b/
*/n/+[stop,excluding /b/]
 
===Phonological Rules===
 
*/ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
*/s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
*/s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
*/ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
*/j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
*/j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
*/j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
*/æ/ > [a] / _/j/$
 
===Stress===
=Orthography=
 
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Uppercase !! Romanization || A || B || C || D || Ð || E || F || G || H || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || R || S || Þ || T || U || V || W || Y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l_UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-UC.svg|20px]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|Lowercase !! Romanization || a || b || c || d || ð || e || f || g || h || i || k || l || m || n || o || p || r || s || þ || t || u || v || w || y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-LC.svg|20px]]
|}
 
=Grammar=
 
==Word Order==
OVS, V2
OVS, V2


=Morphosyntactic Alignment=
==Morphosyntactic Alignment==
Ergative-Absolutive
Ergative-Absolutive


=Morphology=
==Morphology==
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.


=Grammar=
==Derivational Morphology==
 
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="5"|Verb to Noun
|-
!Verb
| -ag
| -eg
| -ig
| -og
|-
!Suffix
| -aygan
| -eygen
| -ygyn
| -oygon
|}
 
'''Examples''':<br/>
''norgig'' - to be curious<br/>
''norgygyn'' - curiosity<br/>
 
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''menygyn'' - enjoyment<br/>
 
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''cwenoygon'' - infatuation<br/>
 
''eþag'' - to sleep<br/>
''eþaygan'' - slumber<br/>
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="5"|Verb to Adjective
|-
!Verb
| -ag
| -eg
| -ig
| -og
|-
!Suffix
| -any
| -eny
| -iny
| -ony
|}
 
 
'''Examples''':<br/>
 
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''meniny'' - enjoyable<br/>
 
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''cwenony'' - loveable<br/>
 
''wesog'' - to destroy<br/>
''wesony'' - destroyable<br/>
 
''cwinag'' - to give<br/>
''cwinany'' - giveable<br/>
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!Voþken
!English Approximation
|-
!rowspan="5|Adjective to:
!Adverb
| -dwa
| -ly
|-
!Noun
| -ah
| -ness
|-
!Verb
| -unk
| -ize, -ise
|-
!Adjective
| -sla
| -ish
|}
 
'''Examples''':<br/>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!Voþken
!English Approximation
|-
!rowspan="5|Noun to:
!Adverb
|
|
|-
!Verb
| -rið
| -fy
|-
!Adjective
| -ym
| -y
|}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|Absolutive
!colspan="2"|Ergative
!colspan="2"|Genitive
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|goþ
|goþwa
|goþest
|goþwest
|goþyr
|goþwyr
|-
|stur
|sturwa
|sturest
|sturwest
|sturyr
|sturwyr
|-
|vent
|ventwa
|ventest
|ventwest
|ventyr
|ventwyr
|-
|vekna
|veknaw
|veknast
|veknawst
|veknayr
|veknawyr
|-
|sure
|surew
|surest
|surewst
|sureyr
|surewyr
|}
===Derivational Suffixes===
Diminutive suffix: -aryn


===Pronouns===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|
!rowspan="2"|
Line 50: Line 421:
|onne
|onne
|onest
|onest
|onnest
|onwest
|onyr
|onyr
|onneyr
|onneyr
Line 58: Line 429:
|uððe
|uððe
|uðest
|uðest
|uððest
|uðwest
|uðyr
|uðyr
|uððeyr
|uððeyr
Line 66: Line 437:
|itta
|itta
|test
|test
|ittest
|itwest
|tayr
|tayr
|ittayr
|ittayr
Line 74: Line 445:
|suþþe
|suþþe
|suþest
|suþest
|suþþest
|suþwest
|suþyr
|suþyr
|suþþeyr
|suþþeyr
|}
===Correlatives===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
!colspan="3"|Demonstrative
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
!Assertive Existential
!Elective Existential
!Universal
!Negatory
!Positive Alternative
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiner
!Singular
|'''''foy''''' <br/> which
|'''''led''''' <br/> this
|'''''loyd''''' <br/> that
|'''''seg''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrcym''''' <br/> some
|rowspan="2"|'''''bytym''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no
|rowspan="2"|'''''byonym''''' <br/> another
|-
!Plural
|'''''feyd''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledeþ''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydeþ''''' <br/> those
|'''''segeþ''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pronoun
!rowspan="2"|Human
!Singular
|'''''frycegoþ''''' <br/> who
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|'''''byrcgoþ''''' <br/> someone
|'''''bytgoþ''''' <br/> anyone <br/> anybody <br/> whoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody
|rowspan="2"|'''''byongoþ''''' <br/> another <br/> someone else <br/> somebody else
|-
!Plural
|'''''frycegoþeþ''''' <br/> whom
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcgoþeþ''''' <br/> somebody
|'''''bytgoþeþ''''' <br/> whomever <br/> whosoever <br/> whomsoever
|-
!rowspan="2"|Nonhuman
!Singular
|'''''fryce''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrc''''' <br/> something
|rowspan="2"|'''''byt''''' <br/> anything <br/> whatever <br/> whatsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing
|rowspan="2"|'''''byon''''' <br/> something else <br/> else <br/> other
|-
!Plural
|'''''fryceþ''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Two (dual)
|'''''fryceuþ''''' <br/> which one
|'''''ledsuþ''''' <br/> this one
|'''''loydsuþ''''' <br/> that one
|'''''segsuþ''''' <br/> yon
|'''''suþ''''' <br/> one
|'''''bytsuþ''''' <br/> either <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both
|'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither
|'''''byonsuþ''''' <br/> other
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural)
|'''''fryceuþþe''''' <br/> which
|'''''ledsuþþe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydsuþþe''''' <br/> those
|'''''segsuþþe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''suþþe''''' <br/> some
|'''''bytsuþþe''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all
|'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none
|'''''byonsuþþe''''' <br/> another
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb
!colspan="2"|Location
|'''''fest''''' <br/> where
|'''''festyng''''' <br/> here
|'''''festynþ''''' <br/> there
|'''''festynt''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcfest''''' <br/> somewhere
|'''''bytfest''''' <br/> anywhere <br/> wherever <br/> wheresoever
|'''''veylfest'''''<br/> everywhere
|'''''þwivfest''''' <br/> nowhere
|'''''byonfest''''' <br/> elsewhere
|-
!colspan="2"|Source
|'''''fiþ''''' <br/> whence
|'''''fiþng''''' <br/> hence
|'''''fiþnþ''''' <br/> thence
|'''''fiþnt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfiþ'''''<br/> somewhence
|'''''bytfiþ''''' <br/> anywhence <br/> whencever <br/> whencesoever
|'''''veylfiþ''''' <br/> everywhence
|'''''þwivfiþ''''' <br/> nowhence
|'''''byonfiþ''''' <br/> elsewhence
|-
!colspan="2"|Goal
|'''''fast''''' <br/> whither
|'''''fastyng''''' <br/> hither
|'''''fastynþ''''' <br/> thither
|'''''fastynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfast'''''<br/> somewhither
|'''''bytfast''''' <br/> anywhither <br/> whitherever <br/> whithersoever
|'''''veylfast''''' <br/> everywither
|'''''þwivast''''' <br/> nowhither
|'''''byonfast''''' <br/> elsewhither
|-
!colspan="2"|Time
|'''''feyþ''''' <br/> when
|'''''feyþyng''''' <br/> now
|'''''feyþynþ''''' <br/> then
|'''''feyþynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfeyþ''''' <br/> sometime <br/> somewhen
|'''''bytfeyþ''''' <br/> anytime <br/> anywhen <br/> whenever <br/> whensoever
|'''''veylfeyþ''''' <br/> always <br/>  everywhen
|'''''þwivfeyþ''''' <br/> never <br/> nowhen
|'''''byonfeyþ''''' <br/> elsewhen <br/> another time
|-
!colspan="2"|Manner
|'''''fost''''' <br/> how <br/> whereby
|'''''fostyng''''' <br/> thus <br/> hereby
|'''''fostynþ''''' <br/> thereby
|'''''fostynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfost''''' <br/> somehow
|'''''bytfost''''' <br/> anyhow <br/> however <br/> howsoever
|'''''veylfost''''' <br/> everyway <br/> everyhow
|'''''þwivfost''''' <br/> no way <br/> no how
|'''''byonfost''''' <br/> otherwise <br/> elseway <br/> elsehow
|-
!colspan="2"|Reason
|'''''frih''''' <br/> why <br/> wherefor
|'''''frihyng''''' <br/> herefore
|'''''frihynþ''''' <br/> therefore
|'''''frihynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfrih''''' <br/> somewhy <br/> for some reason
|'''''bytfrih''''' <br/> anywhy <br/> whyever <br/> whysoever
|'''''veylfrih''''' <br/> everywhy
|'''''þwivfrih''''' <br/> nowhy
|'''''byonfrih''''' <br/> elsewhy
|}
|}


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="2"|''-ag''
!colspan="2"|''-ig''
!colspan="2"|''-og''
!colspan="2"|''-eg''
!colspan="2"|''ayg''
|-
!colspan="2"|''eþag - to sleep''
!colspan="2"|''venig - to have''
!colspan="2"|''hadog - to want''
!colspan="2"|''waneg - to do''
!colspan="2"|''ayg - to be''
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Present
|eþ
|eþwa
|ven
|venwi
|had
|hadwo
|wan
|wanwe
|ay
|aywi
|-
!Perfect
|eþat
|eþact
|venit
|venict
|hadot
|hadoct
|wanet
|wanect
|ayt
|ayct
|-
!Imperfect
|ay eþat
|ay eþact
|ay venit
|ay venict
|ay hadot
|ay hadoct
|ay wanet
|ay wanect
|ay ayt
|ay ayct
|-
!Pluperfect
|ayt eþat
|ayct eþact
|ayt venit
|ayct venict
|ayt hadot
|ayct hadoct
|ayt wanet
|ayct wanect
|ayt ayt
|ayct ayct
|-
!Future
|eþwað
|eþwaðy
|venwið
|venwiðy
|hadoð
|hadoðy
|waneð
|waneðy
|ayð
|ayðy
|-
!Present Hodiernal
|eþand
|eþande
|venind
|veninde
|hadond
|hadonde
|wanend
|wanende
|aynd
|aynde
|-
!Past Hodiernal
|eþatand
|eþactand
|venitind
|venictind
|hadotond
|hadoctond
|wanetend
|wanectend
|aytind
|ayctind
|-
!Future Hodiernal
|eþwaðand
|eþwaðyand
|venwiðind
|venwiðyind
|hadoðond
|hadoðyond
|waneðend
|waneðyend
|ayðind
|ayðyind
|}
===Hodiernal Tenses===
Hodiernal tenses in Voþken were previously pure hodiernal tenses referring to current day (present hodiernal), earlier in the day (past hodiernal), and later in the day (future hodiernal). Eventually the scope of both the past and future hodiernal tenses became wider and now refers exclusively to yesterday and tomorrow.
====Register Split====
Since the temporal widening of the hodiernal case, the words corresponding to the time periods that the hodiernal tenses refer to have lost usage in the upper parts of Voþ societies and a register split has occurred where using the hodiernal conjugations are looked at as elegant proper speech.
===Passive===
The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle ''geh'' preceding a noun in the ablative case.
Comparison:<br>
'''Active:''' ''Kyað onest voyat.'' I drank water.<br>
'''Passive:''' ''Kyað geh on voyat.'' Water [was] drank by me.
===Modal Particles===
All modal particles precede the verb phrase
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Particle
!Expressing
!Example
!Translation
|-
|va
|Advice
|Uð va cwel.
|You ought to run.
|-
|ði
|Logical Conclusion/Certainty
|Kyað itta ði ay voyact
|He must have drank the water.
|-
|loy
|Polite Permission
|On loy sun þray?
|Might I leave?
|-
|ef
|Ability
|On ef cwel.
|I can run.
|-
|loy
|Possibility
|On loy noyk.
|I could fall.
|-
|veh
|Probability
|On veh sun.
|I may leave.
|-
|veh
|Permission
|Kyað onest veh voy þray?
|May I drink the water?
|-
|beg
|Obligation
|On beg sun.
|I must leave.
|-
|wyv
|Partial Obligation
|On wyv sun.
|I should leave.
|}
===Mood Particles===
All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Particle
!Mood
!Example
!Translation
|-
|''n/a''
|Indicative
|Stur onest askit.
|I went home.
|-
|von
|Imperative
|Stur uðest ask von.
|(You) go home.
|-
|þray
|Interrogative
|Uð vaskdwa ay þray?
|Are you well?
|}
===Negation===
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle ''þwi''. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.
Examples:<br>
''On ef cwel.'' I can run.<br>
''On ef cwel þwi.'' I cannot run.<br>
''Stur uðest ask von.'' (You) go home.<br>
''Stur uðest ask þwi von.'' (You) [do] not go home.
==Adjectives==
Adjectives precede what it is modifying.
===Predicative Adjectives===
Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.
===Adjective Order===
==Adverbs==
Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.
==Adpositions==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|+ Prepositions
! !! Voþken !! Associated Case !! English
|-
!rowspan="3"| Grammatical
|þwai || Ablative || away from, from
|-
|dac || Instrumental || with, by means of
|-
|swyn || Causal || for, for the purpose of
|-
!rowspan="10"|Location
|við || Adessive || near, at, by
|-
|cod || Antessive || before
|-
|ede || Apudessive || next to
|-
|guþ || Inessive || inside
|-
|ðal || Intrative || between
|-
|cef || Locative || at, on, in
|-
|kres || Pertingent || touching
|-
|nem || Postessive || behind
|-
|ðrei || Subessive || under
|-
|eft || Superessive || on top of
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion from
|grun || Ablative || away from
|-
|fec || Delative || from the top of
|-
|hid || Egressive || beginning from (some time)
|-
|nera || Elative || out of the
|-
|myu || Initiative || beginning from (some location)
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion to
| deg || Allative || to (the side of)
|-
| yet|| Illative || into
|-
| gyn || Lative || to (the location of)
|-
| hym || Sublative I || onto
|-
| royt || Sublative II || to (under)
|-
!rowspan="3"|Relation
| gehet || Ablative || concerning
|-
| bedwað || Benefactive || for, for the benefit of
|-
| cinem || Causal || because of, due to, because
|}
==Questions==
===The Interrogative===
===Yes/No/Yea/Nay===
Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.
'''''Affirmative'''''<br>
''Uð vaskdwa ay þray?'' - Are you well?<br>
''Hwa.'' - Yes.<br>
''Ða'' - No.<br>
'''''Negative'''''<br>
''Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray?'' - Are you well?<br>
''Hact.'' - Yea.<br>
''Ðeu'' - Nay.<br>
===Question Words===
=Numbers=
The number system of Voþken is a base 5 system that reaches up to 5^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
Zero is "rukya".
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Digit
!rowspan="2"|Ancient Glyph
!rowspan="2"|Modern Glyph
!colspan="6"|Powers of 5
|-
!5^0
!5^1
!5^2
!5^3
!5^4
!5^5
|-
|0
|[[File:NUM rukya ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM rukya.svg|20px]]
|rukya
|colspan="5"|
|-
|1
|[[File:NUM gad ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM gad.svg|20px]]
|gad
|gadur
|gadara
|gadora
|gadira
|gadurþa
|-
|2
|[[File:NUM þes ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM þes.svg|20px]]
|þes
|þesur
|þesara
|þesora
|þesira
|þesurþa
|-
|3
|[[File:NUM syk ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM syk.svg|20px]]
|syk
|sykur
|sykara
|sykora
|sykira
|sykurþa
|-
|4
|[[File:NUM wyk ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM wyk.svg|20px]]
|wyk
|wykur
|wykara
|wykora
|wykira
|wykurþa
|}
==Mathematics==
All math expressions are read from right to left just as the orthography is read.
''Operators''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Operation
!Operator
!Voþken Term
!Translation
|-
|addition
|
[[File:OP hes.svg|20px]]
|hes
|and
|-
|subtraction
|[[File:OP vat.svg|20px]]
|vat
|take
|-
|Unary Minus
|[[File:OP isna.svg|20px]]
|isna
|debt
|-
|multiplication
|*
|
|
|-
|division
|/
|
|
|-
|equate
|[[File:OP twac.svg|20px]]
|twac
|same, equal
|-
|exponentiate
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|
|
|-
|logarithm
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|
|
|}
=Sample Texts=
<b>Onyr ðoþ onest guweð.</b><br>
1-GEN destiny-ABS 1-ERG see-FUT<br>
'You will see your doom/destiny.'<br>
[ʊ.nɪɹ ðʊθ ʊ.nɛst gu.wɛð]<br>
<b>Dac kwenð goþ ittest ciet.</b><br>
PREP-INSTR bad person-ABS 3PL-ERG oppress-PERF<br>
'They were oppressed by the bad person.'<br>
[dæʃ kwɛnð gʊθ it.tɛst ʃi.ɛt]<br>
<b>Nydfirs onest cosdwa cwelet, ledah firs onest cwel þwi, hes þyufirs onest kiþ cweleð.</b><br>
Lastday-ABS 1-ERG long-ADV run-PERF, this day-ABS 1-ERG run NEG, and nextday-ABS 1-ERG again run-FUT<br>
'Yesterday I ran far, today I did not run, and tomorrow I will run again.'<br>
[nɪd.fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃʊz.dwæ ʃwɛl.ɛt lɛ.dæx fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃwɛl θwi xɛs θju.fiɹz kiθ ʃwɛl.ɛð]<br>
[[Category: Languages]][[Category: A priori]][[Category: Voþken]][[Category: Ergative-absolutive languages]]

Latest revision as of 08:13, 7 November 2021

Voþken
Voþken
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]]
Created byiancgil
  • Voþken
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ þ /θ/ s /s/ c /ʃ/ h /x/
voiced v /v/ ð /ð/ s [z]*
Approximant r /ɹ/ y /j/
Lateral Approximant l /l/

*allophone

Vowels

Front Central Back Diphthongs
Close i /i/ u /u/
Near-Close i/y /ɪ/ [ɪ]* o /ʊ/
Close-Mid ei/ey /ej/
Mid e [ə]*
Open-Mid e /ɛ/ oi/oy /ɔɪ/
Near-Open a /æ/
Open a [a]* ai/ay /aj/

*allophone

Phonotactics

Allowed Syllables

  • (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Consonant Clusters Word Initial

  • [fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
  • [stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]

Word Internal

Word Final

  • [fricative]+[stop]
  • [stop]+[fricative]
  • /m/+/b/
  • /n/+[stop,excluding /b/]

Phonological Rules

  • /ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
  • /s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
  • /s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
  • /ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
  • /j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
  • /j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
  • /j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
  • /æ/ > [a] / _/j/$

Stress

Orthography

Uppercase Romanization A B C D Ð E F G H I K L M N O P R S Þ T U V W Y
Voþken A-UC.svg B-UC.svg C-UC.svg D-UC.svg Ð-UC.svg E-UC.svg F-UC.svg G-UC.svg H-UC.svg I-UC.svg K-UC.svg L UC.svg M-UC.svg N-UC.svg O-UC.svg P-UC.svg R-UC.svg S-UC.svg Þ-UC.svg T-UC.svg U-UC.svg V-UC.svg W-UC.svg Y-UC.svg
Lowercase Romanization a b c d ð e f g h i k l m n o p r s þ t u v w y
Voþken A-LC.svg B-LC.svg C-LC.svg D-LC.svg Ð-LC.svg E-LC.svg F-LC.svg G-LC.svg H-LC.svg I-LC.svg K-LC.svg L-LC.svg M-LC.svg N-LC.svg O-LC.svg P-LC.svg R-LC.svg S-LC.svg Þ-LC.svg T-LC.svg U-LC.svg V-LC.svg W-LC.svg Y-LC.svg

Grammar

Word Order

OVS, V2

Morphosyntactic Alignment

Ergative-Absolutive

Morphology

Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.

Derivational Morphology

Verb to Noun
Verb -ag -eg -ig -og
Suffix -aygan -eygen -ygyn -oygon

Examples:
norgig - to be curious
norgygyn - curiosity

menig - to enjoy
menygyn - enjoyment

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenoygon - infatuation

eþag - to sleep
eþaygan - slumber

Verb to Adjective
Verb -ag -eg -ig -og
Suffix -any -eny -iny -ony


Examples:

menig - to enjoy
meniny - enjoyable

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenony - loveable

wesog - to destroy
wesony - destroyable

cwinag - to give
cwinany - giveable

Voþken English Approximation
Adjective to: Adverb -dwa -ly
Noun -ah -ness
Verb -unk -ize, -ise
Adjective -sla -ish

Examples:

Voþken English Approximation
Noun to: Adverb
Verb -rið -fy
Adjective -ym -y

Nouns

Absolutive Ergative Genitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
goþ goþwa goþest goþwest goþyr goþwyr
stur sturwa sturest sturwest sturyr sturwyr
vent ventwa ventest ventwest ventyr ventwyr
vekna veknaw veknast veknawst veknayr veknawyr
sure surew surest surewst sureyr surewyr

Derivational Suffixes

Diminutive suffix: -aryn

Pronouns

Absolutive Ergative Genitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person on onne onest onwest onyr onneyr
Second Person uð uððe uðest uðwest uðyr uððeyr
Third Person ta itta test itwest tayr ittayr
Zeroth Person suþ suþþe suþest suþwest suþyr suþþeyr

Correlatives

Interrogative Demonstrative Quantifier
Proximal Medial Distal Assertive Existential Elective Existential Universal Negatory Positive Alternative
Determiner Singular foy
which 		led
this 		loyd
that 		seg
yon 		byrcym
some 		bytym
any
whichever
whichsoever 		veylym
every
each
all 		þwivym
no 		byonym
another
Plural feyd
what 		ledeþ
these 		loydeþ
those 		segeþ
yonder
Pronoun Human Singular frycegoþ
who 		ledah
this 		loydah
that 		segah
yon 		byrcgoþ
someone 		bytgoþ
anyone
anybody
whoever 		veylgoþ
everyone
everybody
all 		þwivgoþ
no one
nobody 		byongoþ
another
someone else
somebody else
Plural frycegoþeþ
whom 		ledhe
these 		loydhe
those 		seghe
yonder 		byrcgoþeþ
somebody 		bytgoþeþ
whomever
whosoever
whomsoever
Nonhuman Singular fryce
what 		ledah
this 		loydah
that 		segah
yon 		byrc
something 		byt
anything
whatever
whatsoever 		veyl
everything
all 		þwiv
nothing 		byon
something else
else
other
Plural fryceþ
what 		ledhe
these 		loydhe
those 		seghe
yonder
Out of Two (dual) fryceuþ
which one 		ledsuþ
this one 		loydsuþ
that one 		segsuþ
yon 		suþ
one 		bytsuþ
either
whichever
whichsoever 		veylsuþ
both 		þwivsuþ
neither 		byonsuþ
other
Out of Many (plural) fryceuþþe
which 		ledsuþþe
these 		loydsuþþe
those 		segsuþþe
yonder 		suþþe
some 		bytsuþþe
any
whichever
whichsoever 		veylsuþþe
each
all 		þwivsuþþe
none 		byonsuþþe
another
Pro-Adverb Location fest
where 		festyng
here 		festynþ
there 		festynt
yonder 		byrcfest
somewhere 		bytfest
anywhere
wherever
wheresoever 		veylfest
everywhere 		þwivfest
nowhere 		byonfest
elsewhere
Source fiþ
whence 		fiþng
hence 		fiþnþ
thence 		fiþnt
byrcfiþ
somewhence 		bytfiþ
anywhence
whencever
whencesoever 		veylfiþ
everywhence 		þwivfiþ
nowhence 		byonfiþ
elsewhence
Goal fast
whither 		fastyng
hither 		fastynþ
thither 		fastynt
byrcfast
somewhither 		bytfast
anywhither
whitherever
whithersoever 		veylfast
everywither 		þwivast
nowhither 		byonfast
elsewhither
Time feyþ
when 		feyþyng
now 		feyþynþ
then 		feyþynt
byrcfeyþ
sometime
somewhen 		bytfeyþ
anytime
anywhen
whenever
whensoever 		veylfeyþ
always
everywhen 		þwivfeyþ
never
nowhen 		byonfeyþ
elsewhen
another time
Manner fost
how
whereby 		fostyng
thus
hereby 		fostynþ
thereby 		fostynt
byrcfost
somehow 		bytfost
anyhow
however
howsoever 		veylfost
everyway
everyhow 		þwivfost
no way
no how 		byonfost
otherwise
elseway
elsehow
Reason frih
why
wherefor 		frihyng
herefore 		frihynþ
therefore 		frihynt
byrcfrih
somewhy
for some reason 		bytfrih
anywhy
whyever
whysoever 		veylfrih
everywhy 		þwivfrih
nowhy 		byonfrih
elsewhy

Verbs

-ag -ig -og -eg ayg
eþag - to sleep venig - to have hadog - to want waneg - to do ayg - to be
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Present eþ eþwa ven venwi had hadwo wan wanwe ay aywi
Perfect eþat eþact venit venict hadot hadoct wanet wanect ayt ayct
Imperfect ay eþat ay eþact ay venit ay venict ay hadot ay hadoct ay wanet ay wanect ay ayt ay ayct
Pluperfect ayt eþat ayct eþact ayt venit ayct venict ayt hadot ayct hadoct ayt wanet ayct wanect ayt ayt ayct ayct
Future eþwað eþwaðy venwið venwiðy hadoð hadoðy waneð waneðy ayð ayðy
Present Hodiernal eþand eþande venind veninde hadond hadonde wanend wanende aynd aynde
Past Hodiernal eþatand eþactand venitind venictind hadotond hadoctond wanetend wanectend aytind ayctind
Future Hodiernal eþwaðand eþwaðyand venwiðind venwiðyind hadoðond hadoðyond waneðend waneðyend ayðind ayðyind

Hodiernal Tenses

Hodiernal tenses in Voþken were previously pure hodiernal tenses referring to current day (present hodiernal), earlier in the day (past hodiernal), and later in the day (future hodiernal). Eventually the scope of both the past and future hodiernal tenses became wider and now refers exclusively to yesterday and tomorrow.

Register Split

Since the temporal widening of the hodiernal case, the words corresponding to the time periods that the hodiernal tenses refer to have lost usage in the upper parts of Voþ societies and a register split has occurred where using the hodiernal conjugations are looked at as elegant proper speech.

Passive

The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.

Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.

Modal Particles

All modal particles precede the verb phrase

Particle Expressing Example Translation
va Advice Uð va cwel. You ought to run.
ði Logical Conclusion/Certainty Kyað itta ði ay voyact He must have drank the water.
loy Polite Permission On loy sun þray? Might I leave?
ef Ability On ef cwel. I can run.
loy Possibility On loy noyk. I could fall.
veh Probability On veh sun. I may leave.
veh Permission Kyað onest veh voy þray? May I drink the water?
beg Obligation On beg sun. I must leave.
wyv Partial Obligation On wyv sun. I should leave.

Mood Particles

All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.

Particle Mood Example Translation
n/a Indicative Stur onest askit. I went home.
von Imperative Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
þray Interrogative Uð vaskdwa ay þray? Are you well?

Negation

Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.

Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.

Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
Stur uðest ask þwi von. (You) [do] not go home.

Adjectives

Adjectives precede what it is modifying.

Predicative Adjectives

Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.

Adjective Order

Adverbs

Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.

Adpositions

Prepositions
Voþken Associated Case English
Grammatical þwai Ablative away from, from
dac Instrumental with, by means of
swyn Causal for, for the purpose of
Location við Adessive near, at, by
cod Antessive before
ede Apudessive next to
guþ Inessive inside
ðal Intrative between
cef Locative at, on, in
kres Pertingent touching
nem Postessive behind
ðrei Subessive under
eft Superessive on top of
Motion from grun Ablative away from
fec Delative from the top of
hid Egressive beginning from (some time)
nera Elative out of the
myu Initiative beginning from (some location)
Motion to deg Allative to (the side of)
yet Illative into
gyn Lative to (the location of)
hym Sublative I onto
royt Sublative II to (under)
Relation gehet Ablative concerning
bedwað Benefactive for, for the benefit of
cinem Causal because of, due to, because

Questions

The Interrogative

Yes/No/Yea/Nay

Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.

Affirmative
Uð vaskdwa ay þray? - Are you well?
Hwa. - Yes.
Ða - No.

Negative
Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray? - Are you well?
Hact. - Yea.
Ðeu - Nay.

Question Words

Numbers

The number system of Voþken is a base 5 system that reaches up to 5^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits. Zero is "rukya".

Digit Ancient Glyph Modern Glyph Powers of 5
5^0 5^1 5^2 5^3 5^4 5^5
0 NUM rukya ancient.svg NUM rukya.svg rukya
1 NUM gad ancient.svg NUM gad.svg gad gadur gadara gadora gadira gadurþa
2 NUM þes ancient.svg NUM þes.svg þes þesur þesara þesora þesira þesurþa
3 NUM syk ancient.svg NUM syk.svg syk sykur sykara sykora sykira sykurþa
4 NUM wyk ancient.svg NUM wyk.svg wyk wykur wykara wykora wykira wykurþa

Mathematics

All math expressions are read from right to left just as the orthography is read.

Operators

Operation Operator Voþken Term Translation
addition

OP hes.svg

hes and
subtraction OP vat.svg vat take
Unary Minus OP isna.svg isna debt
multiplication *
division /
equate OP twac.svg twac same, equal
exponentiate FIG logExpTriangle.svg
logarithm FIG logExpTriangle.svg

Sample Texts

Onyr ðoþ onest guweð.
1-GEN destiny-ABS 1-ERG see-FUT
'You will see your doom/destiny.'
[ʊ.nɪɹ ðʊθ ʊ.nɛst gu.wɛð]

Dac kwenð goþ ittest ciet.
PREP-INSTR bad person-ABS 3PL-ERG oppress-PERF
'They were oppressed by the bad person.'
[dæʃ kwɛnð gʊθ it.tɛst ʃi.ɛt]

Nydfirs onest cosdwa cwelet, ledah firs onest cwel þwi, hes þyufirs onest kiþ cweleð.
Lastday-ABS 1-ERG long-ADV run-PERF, this day-ABS 1-ERG run NEG, and nextday-ABS 1-ERG again run-FUT
'Yesterday I ran far, today I did not run, and tomorrow I will run again.'
[nɪd.fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃʊz.dwæ ʃwɛl.ɛt lɛ.dæx fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃwɛl θwi xɛs θju.fiɹz kiθ ʃwɛl.ɛð]

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Voþken&oldid=242470"