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Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms. There are thirteen different noun declensions, but most of them only have few small differences. Chlouvānem declensions are predictable from the ending of the direct case noun, and they're categorized depending on their endings as ''s-'', ''m-'', or ''h-nouns''<ref>These are the remnants of a former gender system present in Proto-Lahob, still evident in other Lahob languages; unlike others in the family, Chlouvānem did not become genderless because of losing gender marking on nouns, but because it lost concordance anywhere else.</ref>. | Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms. There are thirteen different noun declensions, but most of them only have few small differences. Chlouvānem declensions are predictable from the ending of the direct case noun, and they're categorized depending on their endings as ''s-'', ''m-'', or ''h-nouns''<ref>These are the remnants of a former gender system present in Proto-Lahob, still evident in other Lahob languages; unlike others in the family, Chlouvānem did not become genderless because of losing gender marking on nouns, but because it lost concordance anywhere else.</ref>. | ||
===S-nouns - Sasą lā halenī=== | ===S-nouns - Sasą lā halenī=== | ||
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===H-nouns - Hahą lā halenī=== | ===H-nouns - Hahą lā halenī=== | ||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{| class=" | {{col-break}} | ||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|+1-h (-a, -ā, (-ah, -āh)) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Direct</small> | ||
| '''māra'''<br/><small>''"mango"''</small> || rowspan=2 | mārāt || rowspan=2 | mārai | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Vocative</small> | ||
| māre | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Accusative</small> | ||
| | | māru || mārāṣa || māraih | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Ergative</small> | ||
| | | mārei || mārāra || mārān | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Genitive</small> | ||
| | | māri<sup>1</sup> || māreva || mārumi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Translative</small> | ||
| | | māran || mārarį || mārēt | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Exessive</small> | ||
| | | mārat || mārabhan || māremān | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Essive</small> | ||
| | | māręs || māranne || mārēm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Dative</small> | ||
| | | mārom || mārarį || māresām | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Ablative</small> | ||
| | | mārų || mārabhan || mārenīs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Locative</small> | ||
| | | māre || māranne || mārelīm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Instrumental</small> | ||
| | | mārap || mārabhan || mārenīka | ||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|+2-h (-ē, -eh) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ||
| | |- | ||
! <small>Direct</small> | |||
| '''javileh'''<br/><small>''"apple"''</small> || rowspan=2 | javiliāt || rowspan=2 | javiliai | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Vocative</small> | |||
| javilei | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Accusative</small> | |||
| javilyu || javilēṣa || javileih | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ergative</small> | |||
| javilei || javiliāra || javiliān | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Genitive</small> | |||
| javili || javileva<sup>2</sup> || javiliumi | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Translative</small> | |||
| javilen || javilerį || javilēt | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Exessive</small> | |||
| javilet || javilebhan || javilemān | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Essive</small> | |||
| javilęs || javilenne || javilēm | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Dative</small> | |||
| javiliom || javilerį || javilesām | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| javilių || javilebhan || javilenīs | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Locative</small> | |||
| javilye || javilenne || javilelīm | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Instrumental</small> | |||
| javilep || javilebhan || javilenīka | |||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|+3-h (-uh, -ūh, -u<sup>3</sup>) | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Direct</small> | |||
| '''ñaɂuh'''<br/><small>''"fruit skin"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūt || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūvi | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Vocative</small> | |||
| ñaɂū | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Accusative</small> | |||
| ñaɂunu || ñaɂūṣa || ñaɂuyih | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ergative</small> | |||
| ñaɂuyei || ñaɂura || ñaɂun | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Genitive</small> | |||
| ñaɂuyi || ñaɂuva || ñaɂūmi | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Translative</small> | |||
| ñaɂun || ñaɂurį || ñaɂūt | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Exessive</small> | |||
| ñaɂut || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂumān | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Essive</small> | |||
| ñaɂųs || ñaɂunne || ñaɂugem | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Dative</small> | |||
| ñaɂuvom || ñaɂurį || ñaɂusām | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| ñaɂųu || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīs | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Locative</small> | |||
| ñaɂuve || ñaɂunne || ñaɂulīm | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Instrumental</small> | |||
| ñaɂup || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīka | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|+4-m (-ih, -īh, -i<sup>4</sup>) | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Direct</small> | |||
| '''ghārṭih'''<br/><small>''"arrow"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ghārṭīt || rowspan=2 | ghārṭeyi | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Vocative</small> | |||
| ghārṭī | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Accusative</small> | |||
| ghārṭyu || ghārṭīṣa || ghārṭeyih | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ergative</small> | |||
| ghārṭyei || ghārṭira || ghārṭin | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Genitive</small> | |||
| ghārṭīyi || ghārṭiva || ghārṭyumi | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Translative</small> | |||
| ghārṭin || ghārṭirį || ghārṭīt | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Exessive</small> | |||
| ghārṭit || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭimān | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Essive</small> | |||
| ghārṭįs || ghārṭinne || ghārṭiyem | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Dative</small> | |||
| ghārṭyom || ghārṭirį || ghārṭisām | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| ghārṭyų || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīs | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Locative</small> | |||
| ghārṭye || ghārṭinne || ghārṭilīm | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Instrumental</small> | |||
| ghārṭip || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīka | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|+1-h (h-paradigm) | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Direct</small> | |||
| '''raiṇah'''<br/><small>''"(piece of) cloth"''</small> || rowspan=2 | raiṇāt || rowspan=2 | raiṇai | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Vocative</small> | |||
| raiṇe | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Accusative</small> | |||
| raiṇu || raiṇāṣa || raiṇaih | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ergative</small> | |||
| raiṇei || raiṇāra || raiṇān | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Genitive</small> | |||
| raiṇi<sup>1</sup> || raiṇeva || raiṇumi | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Translative</small> | |||
| raiṇan || raiṇarį || raiṇēt | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Exessive</small> | |||
| raiṇat || raiṇabhan || raiṇamān | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Essive</small> | |||
| raiṇęs || raiṇanne || raiṇēm | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Dative</small> | |||
| raiṇom || raiṇarį || raiṇasām | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| raiṇų || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīs | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Locative</small> | |||
| raiṇe || raiṇanne || raiṇalīm | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Instrumental</small> | |||
| raiṇap || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīka | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break|valign=middle|gap=1em}} | |||
The ''h-paradigm'' used by nouns in ''-ah'' and ''-āh'' is substantially identical to the regular 1-h one, except for the exessive, dative, ablative, locative, and instrumental plural which have ''-a-'' instead of ''-e-'' as a linking vowel and, for some nouns, the genitive singular ''(see table note 1)''. | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
Notes: | |||
# ''-ьa'', ''-ьā'', ''-ya'', and ''-yā'' nouns form the genitive singular in ''-ei'' (e.g. ''laliā'' "night" → ''lalei''). Nouns in ''-ьah'', ''-ьāh'', ''-yah'', and ''-yāh'', however, have the regular ending (e.g. ''yamyah'' "fog" → ''yamyi''). | |||
# In older texts ''-eiva'' (e.g. ''javileiva''), today only used in literature for an archaïzing effect or to mark a character speaking with a Northern Plain pronunciation (where this form survives in the spoken language). | |||
# Mostly regional Western words of Dabuke origin. | |||
# Non-productive with borrowings, but common in native words. | |||
===Irregular plurals=== | ===Irregular plurals=== |
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