Pangali: Difference between revisions

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=== Allophonic Variation ===
=== Allophonic Variation ===
==== Obstruents ====
==== Plosives ====
Obstruents are the most unstable aspect of Pangali's phonological inventory, with a total of nine different allophonic realizations based on stress alone.
Obstruents are the most unstable aspect of Pangali's phonological inventory, with a total of nine different allophonic realizations based on stress alone.
===== <small>Sonorization</small> =====
===== <small>Sonorization</small> =====
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|-
|-
!Shift
!Shift
!Standard Pangali
!Example
|-
|-
|/p/ → [b]
!/p/ → [b]
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ʔuˈ'''b'''a]
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ʔuˈ'''b'''a]
|-
|-
|/t/ → [d]
!/t/ → [d]
|/huwu'''t'''uwi/ → [hu.wu.'''d'''uˈvi]
|/huwu'''t'''uwi/ → [hu.wu.'''d'''uˈvi]<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
|/k/ → [g]
!/k/ → [g]
|/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ⁿtaˈ'''g'''u]
|/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ⁿtaˈ'''g'''u]
|-
|-
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[WIP]
[WIP]


Word initially, /p/, /t/, /k/ shift to [f], [s] and [x], respectively, when the following syllable shares the same onset. Intervocalically, the 3 plosives affricate and remain voiceless:
Word initially, /p t k/ shift to [f s x] when the following syllable shares the same onset. Under the same conditions intervocalically, /p t k/ instead shift to [p͡f t͡s k͡x]:
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
|-
|-
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!Example
!Example
|-
|-
|/p/ → [f]
!/p/ → [f]
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
|/p/ → [p͡f]
!/p/ → [p͡f]
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba]
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba]
|-
|-
|/t/ → [s]
!/t/ → [s]
|/'''t'''u.tiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈɹa]
|/'''t'''u.tiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈɹa]
|/t/ → [t͡s]
!/t/ → [t͡s]
|/ᵐpi'''t'''u.tiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈɹa]
|/ᵐpi'''t'''u.tiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈɹa]
|-
|-
| /k/ → [x]
! /k/ → [x]
|/'''k'''uka/ → ['''x'''uˈga]
|/'''k'''uka/ → ['''x'''uˈga]
|/k/ → [k͡x]
!/k/ → [k͡x]
|/ᵐpi'''k'''uka/ → [ᵐpi.'''k͡x'''uˈga]
|/ᵐpi'''k'''uka/ → [ᵐpi.'''k͡x'''uˈga]
|-
|-
|}
|}


It is theorized that the plain plosives originally affricated in all positions under these conditions but later spirantized in word initial.
It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized in word initial.
 
==== <small>Labio-Velar Fortition</small> ====
/w/ fortifies to [gʷ] preceding /u/ and to [v] before /i a/ when occuring in a stressed syllable:


==== Centralization ====
{|class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
! Shifts
! colspan=2 | Examples
|-
! rowspan=2 | /w/ → [v]
|/pa'''w'''a/ → [paˈ'''v'''a]
|-
|/ki'''w'''i/ → [kiˈ'''v'''i]
|-
! rowspan=2 | /w/ → [gʷ]
|/iɹata'''w'''u/ → [i.ɹa.daˈ'''ɡʷ'''u]
|-
|/ni'''w'''u/ → [niˈ'''gʷ'''u]
|-
|}
 
==== Vowels ====
 
==== <small>Centralization</small> ====
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:


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|-
|-
!Shift
!Shift
!Standard Pangali
!Example
|-
|-
|/a/ → [ɐ]
!/a/ → [ɐ]
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ → [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ → [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
|/u/ → [ʉ]
!/u/ → [ʉ]
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
|/i/ → [ɨ]
!/i/ → [ɨ]
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ → [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa]
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ → [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa]
|-
|-
|}
|}


==== Lowering ====
==== <small>Lowering</small> ====
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:


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|-
|-
!Shift
!Shift
!Examples
!colspan=2 | Examples
|-
|-
|/i/ → [ɛ]
!/i/ → [ɛ]
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu], /tat'''i'''nu/ → [t͡ʃa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu]
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu] || /tat'''i'''nu/ → [sa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu]
|-
|-
|/u/ → [ɔ]
!/u/ → [ɔ]
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa], /k'''u'''maki/ → [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi]
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa] || /k'''u'''maki/ → [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi]
|-
|-
|}
|}
==== Labio-Velar Fortition ====
/w/ fortifies to [g<sup>w</sup>] in stressed onset positions preceding /u/ and to [v] everywhere else:
*'''wupani''' /wupani/ = [ˈgʷu.pa.ni]
**'''wapani''' /wapani/ = [ˈva.pa.ni]
*'''isatawu''' /isatawu/ = [i.za.taˈɡʷu]
**'''lawi''' /lawi/ = [laˈvi]
==== Open Vowel Reduction ====
/a/ is reduced to /ə/ in word final syllables if the preceding syllable is unstressed:
*'''uguśala''' /uᵑkuʃala/ = [ɔ.ˈᵑku.ʃa.lə]
**'''gila''' /ᵑkila/ = [ˈᵑki.la], not *[ᵑkilə]


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
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