Cha: Difference between revisions

|NativeName = Cha

A /a, ɐ/ Ch /tʃ/ E /e, ɛ/ H /h/ I /i, ɪ/ K /k/ L /l/ M /m/ N /n/ O /o/ P /p/ Qu /kw/ R /r/ S /s/ T /t/ U /u, ʊ/.

- Overall, the letters sound the way you would expect them to be (standard Latin pronunciation). Note that "ch" is always pronounced as /tʃ/ and "qu" as /kw/. All letters sound approximately the same way regardless of their placement.

Generally, Cha syllable structure can be described as (C)v(C)(C). Out of all consonants, however, Ch, H and Qu cannot be syllable-final, while K, P and T can end a syllable but are never word-final.

| ''Chu sattia sati Chau.''

|''Panuchatú lupa pankoru kai, Tu harpa lupi Meru kea Tuo kartú chaesia Tú sniti oi ati mou panteo.''

It is not uncommon, however, to place a word or phrase in front of the sentence for additional emphasis. E.g. one would say ''Kasunoté chu mia kasphaohute'' (Today I am going to the store) instead of ''Chu mia kasphaohute kasunoté'' (I am going to the store today).

A noun in Nominative has zero ending: ''su'' (water),'' chunotó'' (toy), ''punsé'' (tree), ''kochekemihan'' (airplane). Note that with words in Nominative, the stress is always on the last syllable.

Nominative is used for the subjects of a sentence or a subordinate clause. Nominative is also used when two nouns are linked with the copula ''oa'': ''Ku oa men chu sípao sorsunoté''! -- You are the man I saw yesterday!

A noun in the Accusative case receives the ending ''-u'': ''sú'', ''chunotou'', ''punseu'', ''kochekemihanu''. Note that if the word root already ends with ''-u'', ''u'' is not doubled but instead it receives the accent mark.

For example, the verb ''mia'' (to move) may take an object -- the thing that is being moved. Therefore, the composite verb ''chaemia'' (to think, lit. "to move in one's head") also takes a direct object, and, unlike in English, the phrase ''Chu chaemia kú'' (I am thinking '''of''' you) needs no prepositions.

On the other hand, the verb ''sattia'' (to learn, lit: "to come to know") has the root ''tia'' (to come, to become) which in this form is intransitive (the transitive form of ''tia'' means "to bring"). Therefore, ''sattia'' cannot have direct objects either, and in ''Chu sattia sati Chau'' (I am learning Cha) an adverbial is required before ''Chau''. (Lit. "I learn to know Cha".)

Cha nouns in Genitive can also serve as a Verb of a sentence, replacing the use of a copula. Genitive in this role expresses belonging to a group ("is a" relationship), e.g.: ''Chu meno!'' (I am a man!), ''Ka punseo chea'' (This is a tall tree) etc.

When used as Locative, it indicates place or time: ''sue'' (in water), ''punseolane'' (in a forest), ''kochekemihane'' (on an airplane), ''sorsunoté'' (yesterday), ''quorté'' (soon; lit. "in a short time"). Usually locative does not denote possession; e.g. compare ''Ku athata chu ati taoruolanu ká'' (Give me this book, i.e. for me to have) vs. ''Ku tita chute taoruolanu ká'' (Bring this book to me, i.e. to my place).

If the location needs to be specified more precisely, e.g. "'''on''' the desk" vs. "'''under''' the desk", or "'''near''' the house" vs. "'''in''' the house", Cha uses a position indicator + Genitive to express that: ''ché taoruo'' (on the desk, lit. "on top of the desk"), ''chere taoruo'' (under the desk), ''nere huo'' (outside the house), ''nertenke huo'' (around the house), ''né huo'' (in / inside the house), ''hue'' (at the house, home). As you can see, all these constructions follow the pattern "at" (expressed as Locative) "position" (e.g. top, under, outside etc.) "of" (expressed as Genitive) original word. The position indicators are grammatically nouns, although they are usually translated into English as prepositions.

When used as Instrumental, the same form indicates a tool or object with which an action is done. This usage usually translates into English with the help of preposition "with", although not always: ''Nunmen ká lochana ruriquo-lochanaolae'' (This boy plays a violin). In Cha, it is interchangeable with a phrase that includes the word ''lai'' (using): ''Chamen tala saraotutirhonu seorure'' (The master beats the dog '''with''' a stick) can be said as ''Chamen tala saraotutirhonu lai seoruru'' (The master beats the dog '''using''' a stick).

In particular, when used with Locative, ''-t-'', ''-p-'' and ''-k-'' have the meaning of "to", "from" and "through", respectively. E.g. ''Chu mia hu'''t'''e'' (I go home) vs. ''Chu mia hu'''p'''e'' (I am leaving home) vs. ''Chu mia nomis'''k'''e'' (I am walking on a path); ''Karmel nepa taoruru che'''t'''e taolono'' (She put the pencil on the desk) vs. ''Karmel hapa taoruru che'''p'''e taolono'' (She took the pencil from the desk), etc.

''-p-'' and ''-t-'' can also be used with Genitive (e.g. ''huomen chuo'' "my husband" vs. ''huomen chu'''p'''o'' "my ex-husband") but such usage is much more rare.

Similarly, many verbs have a different meaning when used as ''modal'' verbs, that is, verbs followed by a ''t-''-adverbial. E.g. the word ''qui'', when used as an adjective, means "necessary", but the meaning is changed to "need, have to" when it is used as a modal verb: ''pa quia'' "necessary work" --> ''to quiao pati'' "what has to be done".  

There are no verb tenses in Cha, but there are aspects. Unmodified verbs are assumed to be in imperfective aspect. The infixes ''-t-'' and ''-p-'' put them into prospective and perfective aspects, signifying the action that is about to start or has been completed. Quite often these aspects are translated into other languages using future and past tenses: ''Chu si'''p'''a tou siaotenoquue chuo!'' (I have seen it with my own two eyes!) or ''Ku kas'''t'''a papi katou!'' (You will pay for (doing) this!). On the other hand, a narrative like ''Palsunoté moa koruchamen pala...'' (Once upon a time there lived a king...) usually does not require an aspect change.

The infix ''-k-'' produces the progressive aspect: compare ''Chu maka sunoteoporomau katé'' (I am eating lunch now) and ''Chu má honokanu sunoté pana'' (I eat meat every day).

For example: ''Chu típ'''i'''a ku tithipi chú!'' (I would have come if you called me!) or ''Chu pát'''i'''a katou api teu'' (I will do it if I have time). Compare this with: ''Chu tipa ku tithipi chú!'' (I came because you called me) and ''Chu pata katou api teu'' (I will do it for I have the time).

Just like verbs, adjectives can have aspects: ''Mihan losipa chila i nerekélao katé'' (The car, once beautiful, was now dirty and scratched).

- with modal verbs, like ''ria'' (want, need), ''kia'' (can) etc.: ''Ku kia hiti Chae?'' (Can you speak Cha?); ''Chu ria nertenepenti kú'' (I want to hug you).

- with verbs like ''tia'' (come, become), ''lia'' (let, allow) and similar: ''Chu sattia hiti Chae'' (I learn to speak Cha).

- when you state intent or purpose: ''Chu tipa siti menmeu chuo'' (I came to see my father).

Please note that the adverbal phrase can be quite developed, incuding a subject, object etc., e.g. ''Chu ria ku pati katou quorté'' (I want you to do this immediately) is formed by taking ''Ku pata katou quorté'' (You will do this immediately) and turning it into a adverbial phrase by changing the ending ''-a'' into ''-i'': ''pata'' (will do) -> ''pati'' (to do).

''Pantú ria sattiti '''sati''' Chau'' (Everyone should learn Cha; lit: Everyone should learn '''to know''' Cha)

''Hikista chú hí Johnu'' (My name is John; lit: Call me '''saying''' John)

''Chu pippathia ku atharti chu ati taoruolanu ká!'' (Please give me this book! lit: I ask that you give me '''to have''' this book).

As you can see, the first part of the verb is often used as an adverb later in the sentence. This is the general practice; e.g. if ''hara'' simply means "give (away), let go", the verb ''athara'', made up from ''ati'' (to have) + ''hara'' (give) means "give to someone". The first part, ''ati'' (to have) can be repeated as a part of an adverbial phrase: ''Chu athara ku ati katou'' (I give this to you).

Similarly, ''hia'' means "say" and ''tonthia'', composed from ''hia'' and ''tonti'' "to listen" means "tell", and you use the first part, ''tonti'', to introduce indirect objects, like ''Ku tonthita chu tonti pantou! ''"Tell me everything!"

The same role can also be played by a noun in an indirect case, e.g. ''Chu soremia sore kelpatuo. Chu sorpetia sorpe tuo!'' "I am following the criminal. I am catching up with him!" (lit.: I go-behind behind of-criminal. I come-from-behind from-behind of-him!)

A Cha verb can be put into noun cases, forming a supine. To do that you keep the verb ending ''-a'' and add the case ending after it. For example, ''má'' (eat) -- ''huoquon mao'' (eating room, dining room); ''chaurá'' (rest, sleep) -- ''te chaurao'' (time of sleep, resting time).

''Chu sá ku rípau tonthiti chu tonti paltou'' -- I know you wanted to tell me something (compare with: ''Ku ripa tonthiti chu tonti paltou'' "You wanted to tell me something" and ''Chu tonta paltou'' "I will hear something").

''John maka té quentú tuo tíao hute'' -- John was eating when his friend entered the house (compare with ''Quentú tuo tia hute'' "His friend enters the house").

- when the supine is in Accusative, it decribes a verb and can be translated using the English conjunction "that": ''Sorpe siaopuo melme sia chu sorttíau.'' ("From the window, mother saw that I was coming back" or "saw me coming back"); ''Chu sapa tu sorttítau! menme hia.'' ("I knew he would come back, said father").

- when the supine is in Genitive, it describes a noun. This noun is "raised" from being an object in the subordinate clause; that is, it is assumed to play the role of an object there. This can either be a direct object in Accusative (''tu panesao'' "a well-known person"; ''to chu essípao sorté'' "something I've never seen before"), or an indirect object in Locative / Instrumental (''te mao'' "time of eating, dinner time"; ''mis noemíao'' "a traveled path", ''siaotenoquú chu sipao lorpaonu ká skia siti chori'' "the pair of eyes with which I have seen these horrors can not see any more" etc.)

- when the supine is in Locative / Instrumental, it describes a verb and can be translated using such English conjunctions as "while" or "by" (''Melme sia chu sorttíau síae sorpe siaopuo'' "Mother saw me coming back while (she was) looking out of the window.")

Finally, supine can be used in Nominative, naming the action or quality, e.g. ''Romia chunpia'' ("Running is fun") or ''Losia mortlirta pankor morti'' ("Beauty will save the world").

''Té chu nunménoo chora chu lua konmau'' -- When I was a little boy I liked candy (''Chu nunmeno chora'' "I am a little boy", ''Chu lua konmau'' "I like candy").

|+'''Root ''che'''''

|''chea''

|''chea''

|''cheti''

|''ché''

|''chete''

|''chei''

|''che''

For example, the English noun "face" is translated into Cha as ''chaosó'', lit. "the front of head". The same English word can be used as a verb, meaning, depending on context, "to meet face-to-face" or "to confront".

The Cha verb ''soa'', however, means "to advance" and any verb ending with ''soa'' is expected to have a related meaning. Therefore, the English "to face" cannot be expressed by just using ''chaosó'' as a verb. Indeed, one has to say ''sotetia'' (lit. "come to the front") or ''sousittia'' (lit. "come to see the face") or a similar verb.

To have another example illustrating the importance of links between roots in a composite word, let us consider words ''cherttia'' and ''chertetia''. The first is composed from the phrase ''tia cherti'', "become lower" and means "diminish". The second, however, has its root in the phrase ''tia cherte'', "come down", and means "to descend".

''mia cheke kó'' "move through the height of air"<br /> --> ''kochekemia'' "fly"

''mihan kochekemia'' "flying car"<br /> --> ''kochekemihan'' "airplane"

The Cha word for "no" is ''es''. When it is used with a verb, adjective or noun, it usually loses the initial 'e' and merges with the following word: ''ria'' "want" --> ''sria'' "don't want", ''riao'' "needed, necessary" --> ''sriao'' "unnecessary, extra" etc. The exception to this rule are words beginning with an 's'; with them, the initial 'e' is retained: ''Chu essipa kú tunotunke pankoteo!'' "I have not seen you for a hundred years!".

Double negation is possible for emphasis: ''Ku sipa paltou?'' "Have you seen anything?" -- ''Chu essipa stou!'' "I saw nothing at all!"

''che'' "top" <--> ''cher'' "bottom"

When a Cha speaker wants to say "two chairs", "three tables" and so on, she uses an expression similar to English "a pair of chairs": ''quu soruraolono'', ''sas maolono'' (lit. "pair of chairs", "trio of tables"). The numeral is grammatically a noun ("pair", "trio", "dozen") and is followed by Genitive.

Note that when used as adjectives the numerals become ordinal numbers: ''soruraolono quua'' "the second chair".

Often, especially with number two and with paired body parts, the number indicator is merged with the main word: ''siaotenoquú'' (eyes, lit. "pair of eyes"), ''haoquú'' (hands, lit. "pair of hands") etc.

|''chu''

|''chuón, chuoquú, chuotuón'',

|''kuón, kuoquú, kuotuón''

The 1-st and 2-nd person plural pronouns have full forms that losely correspond to phrases like "my people" and "your people"; however, short forms ''chuón'' and ''kuón'' are most frequently used. Instead of the plural with ''-ón'', one often can hear ''chuoquú,'' ''kuoquú'' and ''tuoquú'' (lit. "the pair of us", "the pair of you" or "pair of them").

Putting personal pronouns into Genitive produces possessive pronouns: ''chuo'' (mine, lit. "of me"), ''meno'' (his) etc. When one needs to underscore possession, the verb ''á'' (have) can be fused in, e.g. ''chuao'' (mine, that is belonging to me).

To compare two qualities, Cha speakers use words ''choi'' (more), ''chori'' (less) and ''sí'' (looking at, comparing with). ''Choi''  and ''chori'' are usually fused with the adjectives, forming a comparative form:

''Hu ká chochea. Hu ká chochea sí hú kara.'' This house is taller. This house it taller than that house.

''Nunmel ká chorlosia sí nunmelu kara.'' This girl is less beautiful than that girl.

''Chu romia choi sí kú.'' I run faster than you.

To form the superlative degree, use the word ''panusí'' (overall; lit. "more compared with all"). E.g. ''Ku cholosia panusí! Ku cholosia sí melu pana pankoro!'' "You are the most beautiful! You are more beautiful than all women in the world!".

''Chu morttalpa konkanuluhonu sanchoa sani chekoru.'' I killed a bear as big as a mountian.

''Mupinokó i Sunoten quelhika hotú choróau té quomisomen nereá murheu tíao karte.''

''Tuoquú sanhia chaesíau tu hertpata kei quomisomen hepherti hepi murheu choróau.''

''Mupinokó koumia sanroi sani kíau, oi té ko koumíao choi men ranuhetpena murheu choi;''

''i ko chapetira patléau chirté. Karté Sunoten mursuna i quomisomen hephera hepi murheu quorté.''

''I kai Mupinokó quia saphiti Sunoten choróau sí tuoquú.''

''Kapi chatupathita kuón kai: Me chuotuono ná chelone, Kis kuo lohítao.''

''Chaokor kuo kenttita, Riaotó ku ríao pátao cherkore sani pau chelone.''

'' Ku hatharta chuón hati reomau sunoté ká.''

''I ku chapetirta sorthartquiaotou chuón quiao harti sani chuón chapetírau sorthartquitú chuóno.''

''I smitlita chuón lorpatriti, oi quotemita chuon nati quote loro: chaokor kuapo, i rotkia, i lopsá, kuao panté. Amen.''

Palté nunmel moa. Melme lua nunmelu chauarttí, i melmeome lua choi. Mottiaoté melmeome athara nunmel ati chaoheu sela. Chí katepe nunmel nomia pane chauhei hé ká. Quorehutuón kisthia kisti melu kai:

-- Kare Chaohé Sela mia!

Palté melme pá kanneuá-reochoromau i sathia nunmel sati:

-- Ku sittita siti melmeomeu, Chaohé Sela, i hatmita melmeome hati reochoromau i korohanu chulá minsuopuncheu, i ku sattita sati melmeome loranuáu.  

Chaohé Sela quattia i noemia siti melmeomeu.

-- Hote ku mia, Chaohé Sela? -- Rormilhon sathia.

-- Chu mia hute melmeomeo, i chu hatmia mel hati reochoromau i korohanu chulá minsuopuncheu.

-- Quore melmeome kuo hua?

-- Quore, -- Chaohé Sela sorthia -- mel hua huolane kara, sore reuchoraohuo, né chorhuo kea poe huolano.

-- Ka loa, -- Rormilhon hia -- chu sitria quui siti melmeomeu kuo. Chu mita nomiske ká, i ku charta nomisu kara. Chuoquu sita hotu tíau soté.

Rormilhon hipa kai i romia nomiske choquora panusí sanroi sani kíau miti.

I Chaohé Sela mia charki nomisu choquoa. Mel slea miti roi, mira miske onté, chethá losiseonu i pá losiseotenlanu. Mel ara teu natetiti nate reuchoraohuo té Rormilhon natetipao quai nate chorhuo melmeomeo i chanttalpao miaopuoheu: not-not!

-- Chu ná kae, Chaohé Sela -- Rormilhon sorthia, -- chu sittipa siti kú, i chu hattipa hati kanneuá-reochoromau i korohanu chulá minsuopuncheu.

Karté melmeome lorranuá i ranurá raolone. Mel chaesia Chaohé Sela tiau, i rohia:

-- Ku penta quou, meromer chuo, i miaopú pettita!

Rormilhon pena quou, i miaopú pettia.

Rormilhon chetetia chete melmeomeo i má melu nité. Hon matria roi smapi teke saso sunoteo. Kateosore hon pera miaopú, cherattia ché raolono meomeo i tea Chaohé Sela tiau.

Quoté mel tia i chanttala: not-not!

Oi hon á hiotonu nila. Chaohé Sela solttia soté, oi quuté mel chaesia meome attiau ati hiotonu nila lorranuapi, i sorthia:

-- Chu ná kae, melmeome, -- Chaohé Sela sorthia, -- Chu hattipa ku hati kanneuá-reochoromau i korohanu chulá minsuopuncheu.

Rormilhon ranosoechana i hia chochei:

-- Ku penta quou, meromer muo, i miaopú pettita!

Chaohé Sela pena quou i miaopú pettia. Nunmel netetia nete chorhuo, oi Rormilhon sirttia chere raolonoheo i hia:

-- Ku nata mau cherte maolono, melmeromer, i nata korohanu cherte lalolono, i ku rattita pote muo!

Chaohé Sela rattia pote Rormilhono i sathia:

-- Melmeome, hopi ku á haoquú chora kai?

-- Chu á haoquú neretenpelti kú, meromer muo!

-- Melmeome, hopi ku á siaotenoquú chora kai?

-- Chu á siaotenoquú siti kú chorloi, meromer muo!

-- Melmeome, hopi ku á puopunonu chora kai?

-- Chu a puopunonu mati ku quorté, meromer muo!

Chaohé Sela ara teu hiti palu, oi Rormilhon chetetia chete melo i netemá melu nité.

Lomisuati seopunupatuón pela poemia katé poe chorhuo áe seopunulalaolau ché ranocheo. Tuón tona chanu, romia nete chorhuo i mora Rormilhonu. Sorté tuón tallala ranocheru Rormilhono; i Chaohé Sela i melmeomé melo nera ranpe, meloquú skelao.

Palté moa nunmel hikísao hí Quechaoquou. Mel noemia punseolante. Quorté mel tersia hú pala. Nunmel chanttala i té stu sorthíao nettia pini.

Ché maolono né maoquono sas maohano neá reochorsú. Quechaoquo matria. Mel maopuepia reochorsú maohanpe kea.

“Reochorsú ká quirmura!” mel pihia.

Kapi mel maopuepia reochorsú maohanpe quua.

“Reochorsú ká quirmua!” mel hia. Kai mel pia reochorsú maohanpe sora.

“Ahhh, reochorsú ká kenloa!” mel hia loteai, i má sú pana.   

Sore mao sunteosomau saso konkanuluhono mel chaupuna ratquiau rori. Kapi mel noetia chaquonte i sia sasu soruraolono. Mel chetetia chete soruraolono kea rati noquú.

“Soruraolon ká quirchoa!” mel pihia.

Kai mel sorurá ché soruraolono quua.

“Soruraolon ká quirchoa quui!” mel lorkaluatonhia.

Mel lea lati soruraolonu chosora i chochora panusí.

“Ahhh, soruraolon ká kenloa!” mel kounirhia. Oi, soruraolon laltkela lalónte chora té mel sorurattia chete lono!  

Quechaoquo ratquia roi katé i mel chetemia raoquonte. Nunmel lonttia chete raolono kea, oi raolono puna quiri. Sorté mel lonttia chete raolono quua, oi raolono pula quiri. Katé mel lonttia chete raolono sasa i raolono kenloa. Quechaoquo chaurattia.   

Té mel chaurao sas konkanuluhono tia hute.

"Paltú mapa reochrsú chuo!" Menme Hono chanhia murkaluái.

"Paltú mapa reochorsú chuo" Melme Hono hia.

"Paltú mapa reochorsú chuo i tu chirmapa panu!" Nunhon lorpihia.

"Paltú sorurapa soruraolone chuo!" Menme Hono chanhia murkaluái.

"Paltú sorurapa soruraolone chuo!" Melme Hono hia.

"Paltú sorurapa soruraolone chuo i laltkela tou lalonte chora!" Nunhono lorpihia.

Tuón chaupuna siau pantene choi i té tuón chetemiao raoquonte Menme Hono chanhia murkaluái:

"Paltú lonrapa raolone chuo!"

"Paltú lonrapa raolone chuo quuí!" Melme Hono hia.

"Paltú lonrapa raolone chuo, i mel ná kare quari!" Nunhon pihia.

Katé Quechaoquo rarttia i sittia sasu konkanuluhono. Mel rohia: "Lirta kelu!" I mel noetalmia chete i romia nerte quono.  

Quachaoquo romia cherte, pea miaopuohe i romia punseolante. I mel sorttia nité hute saso konkanuluhono.

|nativename = Cha

|I = chu

|we = chuón

|two = quo

|five = chis

|big = choa

|long = quoa

|heavy = chertepela

|small = chora

|short = quora

|louse = chaoquohas

|snake = quohes

|worm = quohas

|root = seocherquo

|rope = quo, ruquó

|horn = chaorur

|hair = chaoquó

|head = cha

|foot = nocher

|wing = chetmiaorú

|belly = ranocher

|neck = chaocheorur

|laugh = chunpchana

|fall = chetemia

|wash = suechina

|wipe = nerechina

|tie = quoemira

|sew = quoelana

|sing = lochanuhia

|play = chuna, lochanupá (music)

|float = suochená

|swell = quonttia

|star = sunchor; chelonochor

|rain = chertemisú

|river = quosú

|sea = chorusú

|sand = quechorolan

|dust = chorlalolan

|cloud = chelonomin

|sky = chelon

|snow = chertemimin

|ash = murpaochil

|road = miaoquo

|mountain = chekor

|yellow = quea

|full = quola

|dirty = chila

|near = quore

|far = quoe

|think = chaesia, chaemia

|sleep = chaurá

|scratch = neretala

|dig = koruchea

! style="text-align: center; width: 60px"|Ch

! ''cha''

|''cha'' head

|''chá'' main

|''chá'' lead, control <br/>(''also'' VM)

! ''char''

|''chara'' obey

! ''cher''

|''cher'' below (location) <br/> ''chere'' under <br/> ''cherte'' down <br/> ''cherpe'' from under

|''chertemia'' descend, fall <br/> ''ranocher'' belly

|''chi'' start, source, origin, beginning

|-

! ''chir''

! ''chin''

! ''chil''

|''chil'' dirt

! ''cho''

|''cho'' size

|''choa'' large, big

|''choa'' enlarge, grow

! ''chor''

|-

! ''chu''

|''chu'' I

|''chuotuón'', ''chuón'' we

! ''chun''

|''chun'' fun

|''chuna'' play

|''chuna'' entertain

|''chunpchana'' laugh

! ''chul''

! style="text-align: center; width: 60px"|H

! style="text-align: center; width: 120px"|Noun

! style="text-align: center; width: 120px"|Adj / VI

! style="text-align: center; width: 120px"|VT / VM

! style="text-align: center; width: 120px"|Adv

! style="text-align: center; width: 150px"|Derived words

! ''ha''

|''ha'' hand <br/>

! ''har''

|

|''hara'' give, hand over

! ''han''

|''han'' container, jar, box

|''nehana'' contain, have within; <br/> ''pinpohan'' box, ''pulhan'' sack <br/> ''mihan'' car <br/> ''kateuhani'' already, by now

! ''hal''

|''hala'' exclude

|''kateuhali'' still not, not yet

! ''has''

|''has'' bug, insect

|''quohas'' worm <br/> ''kohas'' fly

! ''he''

|''he'' dress, cover, clothing

|''hea'' get dressed

|''hea'' dress, cover

|''chaohé'' hat <br/> ''nohé'' pants

! ''her''

|''hera'' get undressed, strip

|''hera'' undress, uncover

|''hephera'' take off

! ''hes''

|''hes'' lizard

! ''hin''

|''hin'' order, harmony

|''hina'' orderly, proper

|''hina'' put in order, sort

|''hila'' weird, strange, confused, random

|''hila'' confuse

! ''ho''

! ''hon''

|''hon'' animal

|''kohon'' bird <br/> ''suohon'' fish <br/> ''huohon'' pet <br/> ''saraotutirhon'' dog

! ''hu''

|''hu'' home, house

|''hua'' live, dwell

|''ranuloahú'' hospital <br/> ''kasphaohú'' store

! style="text-align: center; width: 120px"|Adj / VI

! ''i''

|'''Conjunction:''' and

! style="text-align: center; width: 120px"|Adj / VI

! style="text-align: center; width: 120px"|VT / VM

! ''ka''

|''ka'' this <br/> ''kae'' here

! ''kan''

! ''kal''

|''kal'' soul, spirit

|''kaluá'' spiritual

! ''kas''

|''kas'' payment

|

|''ke'' one, unit <br/> ''keo'' sole, only

|''kea'' first

! ''ken''

|''ken'' truth

|''kena'' right, true, whole

|''kena'' fix, rectify

|

|

! ''kel''

|''kel'' error, mistake, damage

|''kela'' wrong; err

|''kela'' break

|''keli'' wrongly, mistakenly

|''kelhia'' lie

! ''ki''

|''ki'' ability, possibility

|''kia'' possible, able

|''kia'' enable <br/>VM: can

|''kí'' possibly

! ''kin''

|''kina'' sour; disappointed

! ''kil''