User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:muna_rune_m.png|35px]][[File:muna_rune_u.png|35px]][[File:muna_rune_n.png|35px]][[File:muna_rune_a.png|35px]]
|pronunciation = /ˈmuna/
|region        = Ironstone islands
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|fam1          = Conlang
|fam2          = Proto-muna
|creator      = Miguel Bartelsman
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|script        = Muna runes, Latin alphabet
|map          = ironstone_islands.jpg
}}
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
! style="width:80px" |
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Coronal
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Dorsal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
!Glottal
|-
|-
!Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| colspan="2" |m
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" | m
| colspan="2" |n nː
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" | n
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
!Stop
| style="border-right:none; width:40px" | p pʰ
| rowspan="2" style="border-left:none; width:40px" | β~b
| style="border-right:none; width:40px" | t tʰ
| rowspan="2" style="border-left:none; width:40px" | ð~d
| style="border-right:none; width:40px" | k kʰ
| rowspan="2" style="border-left:none; width:40px" | ɣ~g
| style="width:80px" |
|-
!Fricative
| style="border-right:none" |f
| style="border-right:none" |s sː
| style="border-right:none" |
|h ɦ̩
|-
!Lateral
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |l lː
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
!Flap
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |ɾ
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
| ŋ
!Trill
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |r
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|}
=== Consonant clusters ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
! style="width:20px" |
! style="width:20px" |pɾ
! style="width:20px" |tɾ
! style="width:20px" |kɾ
! style="width:20px" |βɾ
! style="width:20px" |ðɾ
! style="width:20px" |ɣɾ
! style="width:20px" |m
! style="width:20px" |p
! style="width:20px" |t
! style="width:20px" |k
! style="width:20px" |f
! style="width:20px" |h
! style="width:20px" |β
! style="width:20px" |ð
! style="width:20px" |ɣ
! style="width:20px" |n
! style="width:20px" |s
! style="width:20px" |ɾ
! style="width:20px" |l
|-
|-
!n
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|npɾ
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |p
|ntɾ
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |t
|nkɾ
|nβɾ
|nðɾ
|nɣɾ
|nm
|np
|nt
|nk
|nf
|nh
|nβ
|nð
|nɣ
|nː
|ns
|
|
|
|-
!s
|spɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|sβɾ
|sðɾ
|sɣɾ
|sm
|sp
|st
|sk
|sf
|sh
|sβ
|sð
|sɣ
|sn
|sː
|
|sl
|-
!ɾ
|ɾpɾ
|ɾtɾ
|ɾkɾ
|ɾβɾ
|ɾðɾ
|ɾɣɾ
|ɾm
|ɾp
|ɾt
|ɾk
|ɾf
|ɾh
|ɾβ
|ɾð
|ɾɣ
|ɾn
|ɾs
|r
|ɾl
|-
!l
|lpɾ
|ltɾ
|lkɾ
|lβɾ
|lðɾ
|lɣɾ
|lm
|lp
|lt
|lk
|lf
|lh
|lβ
|lð
|lɣ
|ln
|ls
|
|lː
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
! style="width:60px" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!Close
| style="width:20px" |i
| style="width:20px" |iː
| style="width:20px" |u
| style="width:20px" |uː
|-
!Mid
|e
|eː
|o
|oː
|-
!Open
|a
|aː
|ɒ
|ɒː
|}
=== Vowel clusters ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! style="width:20px" |
! style="width:20px" |a
! style="width:20px" |e
! style="width:20px" |i
! style="width:20px" |ɒ
! style="width:20px" |o
! style="width:20px" |u
|-
!a
|aː
|ae
|ai
|
|
|
|-
!e
|ea
|eː
|ei
|
|
|
|-
!i
|ja
|je
|iː
|jɒ
|jo
|ju
|-
!ɒ
|
|
|
|ɒː
|ɒo
|ɒu
|-
!o
|
|
|
|oɒ
|oː
|ou
|-
!u
|wa
|we
|wi
|wɒ
|wo
|uː
|}
=== Phonotactics ===
(C1)V(V)(C2)
* C1: Any consonant except /ɦ̩/
* C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
* V: Any vowel or /ɦ̩/
=== Stress ===
* Penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel
* Last syllable is the word ends in a consonant
== Ortography ==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:35px" | Rune
! style="width:35px" | Latin
! style="width:35px" | IPA
!Name
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_m.png|15px]]
|m
|/m/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_n.png|15px]]
|n
|/n/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_p.png|15px]]
|p
|/p/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_t.png|15px]]
|t
|/t/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_k.png|15px]]
|k
|k
|/k/
|
|
|-
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_f.png|15px]]
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px" |Fricative
|f
! style="width:60px" | <small>Spirant</small>
|/f/
| style="border-right:none; width:30px" |β
|
| style="border-left:none; width:30px" |ɸ
| style="border-right:none; width:30px" |ð
| style="border-left:none; width:30px" |θ
|style="width:60px" |
|style="width:60px" | ɣ
|style="width:60px" | h
|-
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_b.png|15px]]
!<small>Silibant</small>
|b
| colspan="2" |
|/β/
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |s
|
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_s.png|15px]]
|s
|/s/
|
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_d.png|15px]]
|d
|/ð/
|
|
|-
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_g.png|15px]]
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
|g
!<small>Flap</small>
|/ɣ/
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |ɾ
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_h.png|15px]]
|h
|/h/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_r.png|15px]]
|r
|/ɾ/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_l.png|15px]]
|l
|/l/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_a.png|15px]]
|a
|/a/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_q.png|15px]]
|q
|/ɒ/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_e.png|15px]]
|e
|/e/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_o.png|15px]]
|o
|/o/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_i.png|15px]]
|i
|/i/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_u.png|15px]]
|u
|/u/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_'.png|15px]]
|'
|/ɦ̩/
|
|}
 
== Morphology ==
 
=== Verbs ===
 
==== Tense/Aspect ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix
!Tense / Aspect
|-
| style="width:60px;" |None
| style="width:40px;" |'''∅'''
| style="width:60px;" |None
| style="width:40px;" |'''∅'''
|Gnomic
|-
| rowspan="4" |Past
| rowspan="4" |'''-ga'''
|None
|'''∅'''
|Past perfective
|-
|Past
|'''-ga'''
|Past retrospective, Distant past
|-
|Present
|'''-'r'''
|Past continuous
|-
|Future
|'''-is'''
|Past prospective
|-
| rowspan="4" |Present
| rowspan="4" |'''-'r'''
|None
|'''∅'''
|Present perfective
|-
|Past
|'''-ga'''
|Present retrospective, Near past
|-
|Present
|'''-'r'''
|Present continuous
|-
|Future
|'''-is'''
|Present prospective, Near future
|-
| rowspan="4" |Future
| rowspan="4" |'''-is'''
|None
|'''∅'''
|Future perfective
|-
|Past
|'''-ga'''
|Future retrospective
|-
|Present
|'''-'r'''
|Future continuous
|-
|Future
|'''-is'''
|Future prospective, Distant future
|}
 
==== Mood ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Type
! colspan="2" |Mood
!Use
|-
| colspan="2" |Realis
| style="width:100px;" |Indicative
| style="width:40px;" |'''-∅'''
|Factual statement
|-
| rowspan="10" style="width:60px;" |Irrealis
| rowspan="4" style="width:60px;" |Epistemic
|Alethic
|'''-to'''
|States truth or logical necessity
|-
|Potential
|'''-ma'''
|States probability of something happening
|-
|Deductive
|'''-he'''
|States something supported by indirect evidence
|-
|Interrogative
|'''-saa'''
|Questions the action, ''always last''
|-
| rowspan="6" |Deontic
|Desiderative
|'''-ti'''
|States internal desire for something. Want to, desire, hope, would rather
|-
|Expectative
|'''-du'''
|States external desire for something. Should, ought to, expected to, advised to
|-
|Necessitative
|'''-ka'''
|States internal necessity for something. Need to
|-
|Directive
|'''-kq'''
|States external necessity for something. Must, obligated to, had better
|-
|Capacitative
|'''-pra'''
|States internal ability to do something. Able to
|-
|Permissive
|'''-pro'''
|States external ability to do something. Allowed to
|}
 
=== Nouns ===
 
==== Case ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Case
!Use
|-
| style="width:80px;" |Nominative
| style="width:80px;" | '''-a -e -i'''
|Marks the subject, agent of a verb
|-
|Absolutive
| '''-q -o -u'''
|Marks the object, patient of a verb. Base form
|-
|Dative
|'''-ql -ol -ul'''
|Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
|-
|Genitive
|'''-mi'''
|Marks possession of or relation with something
|-
|Instrumental
|'''-ta'''
|Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
|-
|Locative
|'''-ko'''
|Marks the location or time of the action
|-
|Comitative
|'''-na'''
|Mark accompaniment of something
|-
|Privative
|'''-nan'''
|Marks the lack of company by something
|-
|Alternative
|'''-me'''
|Marks an alternative or choice to something
|}
 
==== Number ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Number
!Use
|-
| style="width:80px;" |Singulative
| style="width:40px;" |
|Marks a single object of a mass noun
|-
|Plurative
|
|Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|}
 
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number
! colspan="4" |Case
|-
! style="width:60px;" |NOM
! style="width:60px;" |ABS
! style="width:60px;" |DAT
! style="width:60px;" |GEN
|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |First
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" |Plural
| style="width:60px;" |Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Second
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Plural
|Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Third
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plural
|
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Determiners ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Type
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative
! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" |Interrogative
|-
! style="width:80px;" |Proximal
! style="width:80px;" |Medial
! style="width:80px;" |Distal
|-
|Object
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Quality Amount
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|-
|Manner
!<small>Approx.</small>
|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |l
|
|
|-
|Reason
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|-
|Location
!Glide
|
!<small>Approx.</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Time
|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|j
|w
|
|
|}
|}
==== Quantifiers ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Type
!Use
|-
| style="width:100px;" |Universal
| style="width:80px;" |
|Every option
|-
| rowspan="6" |Existential
|
|Large amount of
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|Pair of
|-
|Negatory
|
|No option
|-
|Elective
|
|Any option
|-
|Alternative
|
|A different option
|}
=== Adpositions ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Type
!
!Use
|-
| rowspan="16" style="width:80px;" |Spatial
| rowspan="7" style="width:80px;" |Location
| style="width:80px;" |
|Above, on the surface
|-
|
|Below
|-
|
|In front of
|-
|
|Behind
|-
|
|Near
|-
|
|Between, amongst
|-
|
|Inside
|-
| rowspan="9" |Movement
|
|Over, across the surface
|-
|
|Under
|-
|
|By, near
|-
|
|Through
|-
|
|To (direction)
|-
|
|To (destination)
|-
|
|From (origin)
|-
|
|Into
|-
|
|Out from
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Temporal
|
|Since
|-
|
|Before
|-
|
|During
|-
|
|After
|-
|
|Until
|-
| colspan="2" |Composition
|
|Of
|-
| colspan="2" |Purpose
|
|In order to
|-
| colspan="2" |Cause
|
|Because of
|-
| colspan="2" |Reference
|
|About
|}
=== '''Particles''' ===
=== Numerals ===
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Single digit numbers'''
! style="width:30px;" |0
! style="width:30px;" |1
! style="width:30px;" |2
! style="width:30px;" |3
! style="width:30px;" |4
|-
|0
|1
|2
|3
|4
|-
|[[File:Muna_rune_00.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_01.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_02.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_03.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_04.png|x35px]]
|-
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|-
|[[File:Muna_rune_05.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_06.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_07.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_08.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_09.png|x35px]]
|-
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
|-
|A
|B
|C
|D
|E
|-
|[[File:Muna_rune_10.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_11.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_12.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_13.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_14.png|x35px]]
|-
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
|-
|F
|G
|H
|J
|K
|-
|[[File:Muna_rune_15.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_16.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_17.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_18.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_19.png|x35px]]
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Multiple digit numbers'''
! style="width:40px;" |x400
! style="width:40px;" |x20
! style="width:40px;" |x1
! style="width:40px;" |Total
|-
|
|'''2'''
|'''E'''
| rowspan="3" |34
|-
|
|[[File:Muna_rune_02.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_14.png|x35px]]
|-
|
|''40''
|''14''
|-
|
|'''C'''
|'''4'''
| rowspan="3" |244
|-
|
|[[File:Muna_rune_12.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_04.png|x35px]]
|-
|
|''240''
|''4''
|-
|'''5'''
|'''J'''
|'''7'''
| rowspan="3" |2367
|-
|[[File:Muna_rune_05.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_15.png|x35px]]
|[[File:Muna_rune_07.png|x35px]]
|-
|''2000''
|''360''
|''7''
|}
=== Derivation ===
==== Affixation patterns ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+
! colspan="6" |Verbs
|-
! colspan="3" |Conversion
!Pattern
!Changes
!Example
|-
|Root
|→
|Verb
|Verbalization
|<nowiki>-qn -on -un</nowiki>
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Opposite
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Causative
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Complementary
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Nouns
|-
|Root
|→
|Noun
|Nominalization
|<nowiki>-∅, -r, -l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Place of...
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adjectives
|-
|Root
|→
|Adjective
|Adjectivalization
|<nowiki>-s</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Opposite
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adverbs
|-
|Root
|→
|Adverb
|Adverbalization
|<nowiki>-s'r, -s'l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Opposite
|
|
|}
==== Compounding patterns ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
!Pattern
!Construction
!Example
|-
|HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER
| rowspan="6" |HEAD + MODIFIER
|
|-
|HEAD originated from MODIFIER
|
|-
|HEAD made of MODIFIER
|
|-
|HEAD benefitting MODIFIER
|
|-
|Do HEAD to MODIFIER
|
|-
|Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER
|
|}
== Syntax ==
The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure
{{red|verbs}} - {{green|subject}} - {{blue|object}} - {{gold|ind. object}} - others
=== Word order ===
*'''Verb'''
**Adverb
:* Preposition
:* Determiner
* '''Noun'''
** Adjective
** Quantifier
** Numeral
** Genitive
=== Default sentence structure ===
* Verb
* Subject
* Object
* Indirect object
* Oblique argument
** Time
** Manner
** Place
=== Interrogative constructions ===
==== Choice questions ====
*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} coffee={{sc|alt}} tea={{sc|alt}}
:Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
:*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
::I want tea
:*{{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
::Tea
==== Semi-polar questions ====
*{{red|eat-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|steak-{{sc|abs}}}} burger={{sc|alt}}
:Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?
==== Polar questions ====
*{{red|come-{{sc|pst-q}}}} {{green|friend.{{sc|nom}}}} 2s.{{sc|gen}} friday.{{sc|loc}} last
:Did your friend came last Friday?
==== Non-polar questions ====
*{{red|be-{{sc|q}}}} {{green|how_much that river-{{sc|nom}} wide}}
:How wide is that river?
=== Relative Constructions ===
==== Subject ====
*{{red|be}} {{green|[come-{{sc|pst}} late guy-{{sc|nom}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|cousin.{{sc|abs}}}} 1s.{{sc|gen}}
:The [he came late] guy is my cousin
==== Direct object ====
*{{red|give-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|1s-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|rose-{{sc|abs}}}} {{gold|[see-{{sc|pst}} kate-{{sc|nom}} girl-{{sc|abs}}]-{{sc|dat}}}}
:I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl
==== Indirect object ====
*{{red|know}} {{green|john-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|[write-{{sc|pst}} 1s-{{sc|nom}} letter-{{sc|abs}} woman-{{sc|dat}}]-{{sc|abs}}}}
:John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman
==== Genitive ====
*{{red|tell-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|[die-{{sc|pst}} father-{{sc|nom}} boy-{{sc|gen}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|1s-{{sc|abs}}}}
:The [his father died] boy told me something
=== Passive constructions ===
*{{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}} → {{red|eat}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}}
:Mary eats pie → Pie is eaten
=== Anti-passive constructions ===
*{{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}} → {{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}}
:Mary eats pie → Mary eats
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:A_priori]]
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