Luthic: Difference between revisions
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A single etymological root appears in Luthic in a native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective: | A single etymological root appears in Luthic in a native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective: | ||
* finger: '' | * finger: ''ditu'' / ''digitale'' from Latin [[wikt:digitus#Latin|''digitus'']] / [[wikt:digitalis#Latin|''digitālis'']]; | ||
* faith: ''fê'' (stem ''fed-'') / ''fidele'' from Latin [[wikt:fides#Latin|''fidēs'']] / [[wikt:fidelis#Latin|''fidēlis'']]; | * faith: ''fê'' (stem ''fed-'') / ''fidele'' from Latin [[wikt:fides#Latin|''fidēs'']] / [[wikt:fidelis#Latin|''fidēlis'']]; | ||
* foot: ''piê'' (stem ''pied-'') / ''pedale'' from [[wikt:pes#Latin|''pēs'']] / [[wikt:pedalis#Latin|''pedālis'']]. | * foot: ''piê'' (stem ''pied-'') / ''pedale'' from [[wikt:pes#Latin|''pēs'']] / [[wikt:pedalis#Latin|''pedālis'']]. | ||
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* thing / cause: ''cosa'' / ''caüsa'' from Latin [[wikt:causa#Latin|''causa'']]; | * thing / cause: ''cosa'' / ''caüsa'' from Latin [[wikt:causa#Latin|''causa'']]; | ||
* bull / calf: '' | * bull / calf: ''toru'' / ''taüru'' from Latin [[wikt:taurus#Latin|''taurus'']]; | ||
* chilled / frozen: '' | * chilled / frozen: ''freddu'' / ''frigidu'' from Latin [[wikt:frigidus#Latin|''frīgidus'']]. | ||
===Insertional code-switching=== | ===Insertional code-switching=== | ||
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'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.” | '''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.” | ||
* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il | * '''Standard Luthic:''' Il nattu stâþ scaunu. Lae staerna sceinanno e la luna stâþ folla. | ||
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena. | * '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena. | ||
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il | * '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il nattu '''ae bellu'''. '''Le stelle''' ~ '''lae stellae''' sceinanno e la luna '''ae piena'''. | ||
*: Note that both ''è'' and ''ae'' stand for /ɛ/. | *: Note that both ''è'' and ''ae'' stand for /ɛ/. | ||
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!colspan="4"|Swadesh list | !colspan="4"|Swadesh list | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''1.''' ic [ | | '''1.''' ic [ix] “I” || '''53.''' stecca [ˈstɛk.kɐ] “stick” || '''105.''' flaerare [ɸlɛˈra.re] “to smell” || '''157.''' sabbia [ˈsab.bjɐ] “sand” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''2.''' þû [ˈθu] “you” || '''54.''' | | '''2.''' þû [ˈθu] “you” || '''54.''' acrano [ɐˈkra.no] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [oˈɡa.re] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [ˈmɔl.dɐ] “dust” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''3.''' is [is] “he” ia [jɐ] “she” ata [a.θɐ] “it” || '''55.''' seme [ˈse.me] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [ | | '''3.''' is [is] “he” ia [jɐ] “she” ata [a.θɐ] “it” || '''55.''' seme [ˈse.me] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [sleˈɸa.re] “sleep” || '''159.''' aerþa [ˈɛr.θɐ] “earth” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''4.''' vi [ | | '''4.''' vi [βi] “we” || '''56.''' laufu [ˈlɔ.ɸu] “leaf” || '''108.''' vivere [βiˈβe.re] “to live” || '''160.''' molmanu [mɔlˈma.nu] “sand” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''5.''' gi [d͡ʒi] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [ | | '''5.''' gi [d͡ʒi] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [ˈβɔr.te] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [zβɛlˈta.re] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [ˈne.ʋo.lɐ] “fog” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''6.''' eis [ˈis] isae [iˈsɛ] eis [ˈis] “they” || '''58.''' renda [ˈʁɛn.dɐ] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [dɔˈθa.ɾe] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [ | | '''6.''' eis [ˈis] isae [iˈsɛ] eis [ˈis] “they” || '''58.''' renda [ˈʁɛn.dɐ] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [dɔˈθa.ɾe] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [eˈme.nu] “sky” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''7.''' | | '''7.''' su [su] sa [sɐ] þata [θɐ.θɐ] “this” || '''59.''' blomna [ˈblom.nɐ] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [lotˈta.ɾe] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendu [ˈβen.du] “wind” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''8.''' este [ˈes.te] esta [ˈes.tɐ] | | '''8.''' este [ˈes.te] esta [ˈes.tɐ] esto [ˈes.to] “that” || '''60.''' herba [ˈhɛɾ.bɐ] “grass” || '''112.''' cacciare [kɐtˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to hunt” || '''164.''' neve [ˈnɛ.βe] “snow” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''9.''' her [heɾ] “here” || '''61.''' corda [ˈkɔɾ.dɐ] “rope” || '''113.''' blegguare [bleɡˈɡʷa.ɾe] “to hit” || '''165.''' glacciȯ [ˈɡlat.t͡ʃo] “ice” | | '''9.''' her [heɾ] “here” || '''61.''' corda [ˈkɔɾ.dɐ] “rope” || '''113.''' blegguare [bleɡˈɡʷa.ɾe] “to hit” || '''165.''' glacciȯ [ˈɡlat.t͡ʃo] “ice” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''10.''' þar [θɐɾ] “there” || '''62.''' pelle [ˈpɛl.le] “skin” || '''114.''' taġliare [tɐʎˈʎa.re] “to cut” || '''166.''' | | '''10.''' þar [θɐɾ] “there” || '''62.''' pelle [ˈpɛl.le] “skin” || '''114.''' taġliare [tɐʎˈʎa.re] “to cut” || '''166.''' fumu [ˈɸu.mu] “smoke” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''11.''' | | '''11.''' qu [kʷu] qa [kʷɐ] qo [kʷo] “who” || '''63.''' carne [ˈkaɾ.ne] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [ʃinˈde.ɾe] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [ˈɸo.nɐ] “fire” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''12.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [ˈsaŋʷ.ɡʷe] “blood” || '''116.''' poġnalare [poɲ.ɲɐˈla.ɾe] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [ˈaz.ɡɐ] “ash” | | '''12.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [ˈsaŋʷ.ɡʷe] “blood” || '''116.''' poġnalare [poɲ.ɲɐˈla.ɾe] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [ˈaz.ɡɐ] “ash” | ||
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| '''13.''' car [kɐɾ] “where” || '''65.''' beine [ˈbi.ne] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [kɾɐtˈt͡so.ɾe] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [bruˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to burn” | | '''13.''' car [kɐɾ] “where” || '''65.''' beine [ˈbi.ne] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [kɾɐtˈt͡so.ɾe] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [bruˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to burn” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''14.''' can [kɐn] “when” || '''66.''' grassa [ˈɡɾas.sɐ] “fat” || '''118.''' gravare [ | | '''14.''' can [kɐn] “when” || '''66.''' grassa [ˈɡɾas.sɐ] “fat” || '''118.''' gravare [ɡɾɐˈβa.re] “to dig” || '''170.''' strada [ˈstɾa.ð̞ɐ] “road” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''15.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “how” || '''67.''' | | '''15.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “how” || '''67.''' uovo [ˈwo.βo] “egg” || '''119.''' svemmare [zβẽˈma.re] “to swim” || '''171.''' baergana [ˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.nɐ] “mountain” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''16.''' non [non] “not” || '''68.''' haurnȯ [ˈhɔɾ.no] “horn” || '''120.''' fliugare [ | | '''16.''' non [non] “not” || '''68.''' haurnȯ [ˈhɔɾ.no] “horn” || '''120.''' fliugare [ɸljuˈɡa.re] “to fly” || '''172.''' rossu [ˈrɔs.su] “red” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''17.''' | | '''17.''' allu [ˈal.lu] “all” || '''69.''' coda [ˈko.ð̞ɐ] “tail” || '''121.''' carvore [kɐɾˈβo.re] “to walk” || '''173.''' verde [ˈβer.de] “green” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''18.''' | | '''18.''' managu [mɐˈna.ɣu] “many” || '''70.''' feþar [ˈɸe.θɐɾ] “feather” || '''122.''' qemare [kᶣeˈma.ɾe] “to come” || '''174.''' giallu [ˈd͡ʒal.lu] “yellow” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''19.''' | | '''19.''' somu [ˈso.mu] “some” || '''71.''' taglo [ˈtaʎ.ʎo] “hair” || '''123.''' legare [leˈɡa.ɾe] “to lie” || '''175.''' blagcu [ˈblaŋ.ku] “white” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''20.''' | | '''20.''' favu [ˈɸa.βu] “few” || '''72.''' capu [ˈka.ɸu] “head” || '''124.''' setare [seˈta.ɾe] “to sit” || '''176.''' neru [ˈne.ru] “black” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''21.''' | | '''21.''' anþeru [ɐ̃ˈθe.ru] “other” || '''73.''' oreccla [oˈʁek.klɐ] “ear” || '''125.''' stare [ˈsta.ɾe]. “stand” || '''177.''' natto [ˈnat.tu] “night” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''22.''' | | '''22.''' aenu [ˈɛ.nu] “one” || '''74.''' augono [ˈɔ.ɣo.no] “eye” || '''126.''' girare [d͡ʒiˈʁa.ɾe] “to turn” || '''178.''' dagu [ˈda.ɣu] “day” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''23.''' tvi [ | | '''23.''' tvi [ˈtβi] “two” || '''75.''' nasu [ˈna.zu] “nose” || '''127.''' driusare [dɾjuˈza.ɾe] “to fall” || '''179.''' giar [d͡ʒɐɾ] “year” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''24.''' þreis [ˈθɾis] “three” || '''76.''' | | '''24.''' þreis [ˈθɾis] “three” || '''76.''' monþu [ˈmõ.θu] “mouth” || '''128.''' gevare [d͡ʒeˈβa.re] “to give” || '''180.''' varmu [ˈβar.mu] “warm” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''25.''' fidvor [ | | '''25.''' fidvor [ˈɸid.βoɾ] “four” || '''77.''' dente [ˈden.te] “tooth” || '''129.''' haldare [hɐlˈda.ɾe] “to hold” || '''181.''' caldu [ˈkal.du] “cold” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''26.''' fimfe [ | | '''26.''' fimfe [ˈɸĩ.ɸe] “five” || '''78.''' tugga [ˈtuŋ.ɡɐ] “tongue” || '''130.''' spremere [spɾeˈme.ɾe] “to squeeze” || '''182.''' follu [ˈɸol.lu] “full” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''27.''' | | '''27.''' mêquelu [ˈme.xe.lu] “big” || '''79.''' oggla [ˈoŋ.ɡlɐ] “fingernail” || '''131.''' fregare [ɸreˈɡa.re] “to rub” || '''183.''' nuovu [ˈnwo.βu] “new” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''28.''' | | '''28.''' laggu [ˈlaŋ.ɡu] “long” || '''80.''' piê [ˈpje] “foot” || '''132.''' þvahare [θβɐˈha.re] “to wash” || '''184.''' altu [ˈal.tu] “old” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''29.''' | | '''29.''' largu [ˈlaɾ.ɡu] “wide” || '''81.''' gamba [ˈgam.bɐ] “leg” || '''133.''' asciugare [ɐʃ.ʃuˈɡa.ɾe] “to wipe” || '''185.''' buonu [ˈbwo.nu] “good” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''30.''' | | '''30.''' spessu [ˈspes.su] “thick” || '''82.''' gnivo [ˈɲi.βo] “knee” || '''134.''' tirare [tiˈʁa.ɾe] “to pull” || '''186.''' malo [ˈma.lu] “bad” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''31.''' pesante [peˈzan.te] “heavy” || '''83.''' | | '''31.''' pesante [peˈzan.te] “heavy” || '''83.''' manu [ˈma.nu] “hand” || '''135.''' spiggere [spiŋˈɡe.ɾe] “to push” || '''187.''' maciu [ˈma.t͡ʃu] “rotten” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''32.''' | | '''32.''' leizelu [ˈlid.d͡ze.lu] “little” || '''84.''' ala [ˈa.lɐ] “wing” || '''136.''' vaerfare [βɛrˈɸa.re] “to throw” || '''188.''' sporcu [ˈspoɾ.ku] “dirty” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''33.''' | | '''33.''' scaurtu [ˈskɔɾ.tu] “short” || '''85.''' qeþu [ˈkᶣe.θu] “belly” || '''137.''' bendare [benˈda.ɾe] “to tie” || '''189.''' drittu [ˈdɾit.tu] “straight” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''34.''' | | '''34.''' agguu [ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscerae [ˈβiʃ.ʃe.rɛ] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [sjuˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondu [ʁiˈton.du] “round” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''35.''' sottile [sotˈti.le] “thin” || '''87.''' collȯ [ˈkɔl.lo] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [konˈta.ɾe] “to count” || '''191.''' | | '''35.''' sottile [sotˈti.le] “thin” || '''87.''' collȯ [ˈkɔl.lo] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [konˈta.ɾe] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfu [ˈskaɾ.ɸu] “sharp” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''36.''' qena [ˈkᶣe.nɐ] “woman” || '''88.''' dorsȯ [ˈdɔɾ.t͡so] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [ʁoˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to say” || '''192.''' smussato [zmusˈsa.θu] “dull” | | '''36.''' qena [ˈkᶣe.nɐ] “woman” || '''88.''' dorsȯ [ˈdɔɾ.t͡so] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [ʁoˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to say” || '''192.''' smussato [zmusˈsa.θu] “dull” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''37.''' | | '''37.''' mannu [ˈmɐ̃.nu] “man” || '''89.''' brostu [ˈbɾos.tu] “breast” || '''141.''' segguare [seŋʷˈɡʷa.ɾe] “to sing” || '''193.''' slaettu [ˈzlɛt.tu] “smooth” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''38.''' | | '''38.''' mannescu [mɐ̃ˈnes.ku] “human being” || '''90.''' haertene [ˈhɛɾ.te.ne] “heart” || '''142.''' giucare [d͡ʒuˈka.ɾe] “to play” || '''194.''' ûmidu [ˈu.mi.ðu] “wet” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''39.''' | | '''39.''' bambinu [bamˈbi.nu] “child” || '''91.''' figato [ɸiˈɡa.θo] “liver” || '''143.''' flotore [ɸloˈto.re] “to float” || '''195.''' þaursu [ˈθɔɾ.t͡su] “dry” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''40.''' sposa [ˈspo.zɐ] “wife” || '''92.''' dregcare [dɾeŋˈka.ɾe] “to drink” || '''144.''' fluire [ | | '''40.''' sposa [ˈspo.zɐ] “wife” || '''92.''' dregcare [dɾeŋˈka.ɾe] “to drink” || '''144.''' fluire [ɸluˈi.re] “to flow” || '''196.''' raettu [ˈʁɛt.tu] “correct” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''41.''' | | '''41.''' abnu [ˈab.nu] “husband” || '''93.''' mangiare [mɐnˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to eat” || '''145.''' glacciare [ɡlɐtˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to freeze” || '''197.''' vicinu [βiˈt͡ʃi.nu] “near” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''42.''' | | '''42.''' moðar [ˈmo.ðɐɾ] “mother” || '''94.''' beidare [biˈda.ɾe] “to bite” || '''146.''' svellare [zβɛlˈla.re] “to swell” || '''198.''' lontanu [lonˈta.nu] “far” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''43.''' | | '''43.''' faðar [ˈɸa.ðɐɾ] “father” || '''95.''' suqquiare [sukˈkja.ɾe] “to suck” || '''147.''' sauilȯ [ˈsɔj.lo] “sun” || '''199.''' destra [ˈdes.tɾɐ] “right” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''44.''' animale [ɐ.niˈma.le] “animal” || '''96.''' speivare [ | | '''44.''' animale [ɐ.niˈma.le] “animal” || '''96.''' speivare [spiˈβa.re] “to spit” || '''148.''' luna [ˈlu.nɐ] “moon” || '''200.''' sinistra [siˈnis.tɾɐ] “left” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''45.''' | | '''45.''' fescu [ˈɸes.ku] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [βo.miˈta.re] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [ˈstɛɾ.nɐ] “star” || '''201.''' a [a] ad [a‿ð̞] “at” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''46.''' | | '''46.''' foglu [ˈɸoʎ.ʎu] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [soɸˈɸja.re] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [ˈβad.ne] “water” || '''202''' in [in] “in” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''47.''' hondo [ˈhon.du] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [ʁis.piˈʁa.ɾe] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [ˈplod.d͡ʒa] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [miθ] “with” | | '''47.''' hondo [ˈhon.du] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [ʁis.piˈʁa.ɾe] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [ˈplod.d͡ʒa] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [miθ] “with” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''48.''' | | '''48.''' pidoccuo [piˈdɔk.klu] “louse” || '''100.''' clare [ˈkla.re] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [ˈa.xɐ] “river” || '''204.''' e [e] ed [e‿ð̞] “and” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''49.''' serpe [ˈsɛɾ.pe] “snake” || '''101.''' saecare [sɛˈka.ɾe] “to see” || '''153.''' | | '''49.''' serpe [ˈsɛɾ.pe] “snake” || '''101.''' saecare [sɛˈka.ɾe] “to see” || '''153.''' lagu [ˈla.ɣu] “lake” || '''205.''' si [si] “if” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''50.''' | | '''50.''' vaurmu [ˈβɔɾ.mu] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [hɔˈza.ɾe] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [mɐˈʁi.na] “sea” || '''206.''' faurcê [ɸɔɾˈt͡ʃe] “because” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''51.''' | | '''51.''' trivo [ˈtri.βo] “tree” || '''103.''' ġnoscere [ɲoʃˈʃe.ɾe] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [ˈsa.le] “salt” || '''207.''' namnȯ [ˈnam.no] “name” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''52.''' | | '''52.''' valþu [ˈβal.θu] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [θɐŋˈka.ɾe] “to think” || '''156.''' staenu [ˈstɛ.nu] “stone” || '''''208.''''' ''Râsdifice'' [ˈʁaz.di.ɸi.t͡ʃe] “''Linguifex''” | ||
|} | |} | ||