Luthic: Difference between revisions
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Luthic has a shallow orthography, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a [[w:Phonemic orthography|phonemic orthography]]. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): | Luthic has a shallow orthography, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a [[w:Phonemic orthography|phonemic orthography]]. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): | ||
* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters | * The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. | ||
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters | * The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | ||
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] are not further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]]. | ||
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as | ** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ⟨ggu⟩ [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]]]. The spelling ⟨gg⟩ stands for both [[IPA for Luthic|/ŋɡ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic|/dd͡ʒ/]], making it further confunsing. | ||
* The cluster | * The cluster ⟨sc⟩ [[IPA for Luthic|/sk/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | ||
* The spellings ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ before another vowel represent only /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/ with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound. | * The spellings ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ before another vowel represent only [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound. | ||
** Unless | ** Unless ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ precede stressed [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] (''pharmacia'' [[IPA for Luthic|/fɐr.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/]] ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' [[IPA for Luthic|/bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/]] ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ⟨cï⟩ and ⟨gï⟩ (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa''). | ||
* The letter | * The letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] or [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩. It is also used with ⟨p⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ⟨t⟩ for [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] for aesthetics only. | ||
* The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/. | * The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]]. | ||
* The spelling ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic. | * The spelling ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic. | ||
** If the clusters /ɡl/ and /ɡn/ are needed, they are spelt as ⟨ghl⟩ and ⟨ghn⟩ retrospectively. | ** If the clusters [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡl/]] and [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡn/]] are needed, they are spelt as ⟨ghl⟩ and ⟨ghn⟩ retrospectively. | ||
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorche'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'': | The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorche'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'': | ||
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | * The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | ||
** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively; /ɛ/ ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with /e/ word terminally. | ** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate [[IPA for Luthic|/ɛ ɔ i/]] retrospectively; [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] word terminally. | ||
** /e/ and /o/ are often lowered to /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in VCC. | ** [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] and [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] are often lowered to [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] and [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] in VCC. | ||
* The [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis accent]] is used to distinguish from a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]]. | * The [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis accent]] is used to distinguish from a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]]. | ||
* The letter ⟨s⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨s⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. | * The letter ⟨s⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨s⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. | ||
** Similarly, the letter ⟨z⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨z⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] when between vowels (except in ''-zione'' suffixed nouns) and when clustered with voiced consonants. However, ⟨zz⟩ stands for both /tt͡s/ and /dd͡z/. | ** Similarly, the letter ⟨z⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨z⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] when between vowels (except in ''-zione'' suffixed nouns) and when clustered with voiced consonants. However, ⟨zz⟩ stands for both [[w:Gemination|/tt͡s/]] and [[w:Gemination|/dd͡z/]]. | ||
* The letter ⟨þ⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨þ⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] in all cases, except when clustered with a voiced consonant, standing for [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]]. | * The letter ⟨þ⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨þ⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] in all cases, except when clustered with a voiced consonant, standing for [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]]. | ||
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[[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | [[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | ||
Luthic has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by [[w:Length (phonetics)|length]] and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]], [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] | Luthic has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by [[w:Length (phonetics)|length]] and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]], [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]], which are always geminate when between vowels, and [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]], which is always single. Geminate plosive and affricates are realised as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] are realised as lengthened continuants. When triggered by [[w:Tuscan gorgia|Gorgia Toscana]], voiceless fricatives are always constrictive, but voiced fricatives are not very constrictive and often closer to approximants. | ||
===Phonology=== | ===Phonology=== | ||