North-East Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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(Finished Compounding) |
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* /h/ -> /ʔ/ | * /h/ -> /ʔ/ | ||
For example, the noun class proclitic for plants is normally / | For example, the noun class proclitic for perennial plants is normally /gʷɨɴ-/. However, when it attaches to the root /ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ - "rose" (containing the strong consonant /ʀ/, the /gʷ/ changes to /b/, giving /bɨɴ=ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/. | ||
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== | ==Derivational Morphology== | ||
===Compounding=== | |||
====Endocentric Compounds==== | |||
Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ - "dart" (literally "short spear"). | |||
In cases like the above, native speakers would search for a synonym with tense voice e.g. /qəˈŋɨ̰ɫa/, which also means "to bake". A much more commonly used word meaning "baked (freshwater) fish" would therefore be / | The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop. | ||
There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy. | |||
In cases like the above, native speakers would search for a synonym with tense voice e.g. /qəˈŋɨ̰ɫa/, which also means "to bake". A much more commonly used word meaning "baked (freshwater) fish" would therefore be /kəˈŋɨ̰ɫaxaɾʲɨ/. | |||
====Dvandva Compounds==== | |||
In contrast to endocentric compounds, these lose stress, phonation and gemination on all but the last member e.g. | |||
/ˈma̰ɴtɨha/ - "mountain", /ˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ - "river" (permanent), /maɴtɨʔaˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ - "mountains and rivers" | |||
As can be seen from this example though, the rule prohibiting multiple strong consonants in a word still applies, changing /h/ to /ʔ/. | |||
Contrast the above example with the endocentric compound /ˈma̰ɴtɨʔakʷɨɫa/ - "mountain river" (i.e. a river in the mountains). | |||
====Exocentric Compounds==== | |||
These are formed in the same way as endocentric compounds. However, there is a very strong preference for the compound words to have opposite phonation on the stressed syllables e.g. | |||
/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ - "those who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain"). | |||