Thangha': Difference between revisions
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(Adjectives Done) |
(Copula) |
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[ʎæma-ˈkətːa kʷʊˈtːa] | [ʎæma-ˈkətːa kʷʊˈtːa] | ||
ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog | ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog.ABS | ||
A dog was biting (me / you / him / her / it ...) | A dog was biting (me / you / him / her / it ...) | ||
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[ʎæma-ˈkətːa kʷʊˈtːa dɔʔ=ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ] | [ʎæma-ˈkətːa kʷʊˈtːa dɔʔ=ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ] | ||
ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog DAT=bone | ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog.ABS DAT=bone | ||
A dog was biting the bone. | A dog was biting the bone. | ||
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[mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈcçæda] | [mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈcçæda] | ||
TEL-fall shepherd | TEL-fall shepherd.ABS | ||
A shepherd dropped down. | A shepherd dropped down. | ||
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[mʲæɲɪkːɒ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈʂɑnsəʔ dɪˈcːçæda] | [mʲæɲɪkːɒ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈʂɑnsəʔ dɪˈcːçæda] | ||
TEL.APPL-fall boss DAT=shepherd | TEL.APPL-fall boss.ABS DAT=shepherd | ||
A shepherd dropped down for the boss (maybe prostrating himself). | A shepherd dropped down for the boss (maybe prostrating himself). | ||
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[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ˈʂɑnsəʔ/ | [kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ˈʂɑnsəʔ/ | ||
dog-ERG ATEL-bite boss | dog-ERG ATEL-bite boss.ABS | ||
A dog was biting the boss. | A dog was biting the boss. | ||
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[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪka-ˈkətːa ˈcçæda dʌˈʂːɑnsəʔ/ | [kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪka-ˈkətːa ˈcçæda dʌˈʂːɑnsəʔ/ | ||
dog-ERG ATEL.BEN.APPL-bite shepherd DAT=boss | dog-ERG ATEL.BEN.APPL-bite shepherd.ABS DAT=boss | ||
A dog was biting the boss for the shepherd (maybe the shepherd ordered it to attack the boss). | A dog was biting the boss for the shepherd (maybe the shepherd ordered it to attack the boss). | ||
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[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ɲɪʔ ˈʂɑnsəʔ] | [kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ɲɪʔ ˈʂɑnsəʔ] | ||
dog-ERG ATEL-bite boss | dog-ERG ATEL-bite boss.ABS | ||
A dog was biting the boss. | A dog was biting the boss. | ||
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[kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪpaŋ-ˈkətːa ɲɪʔ wʏʔˈjʉːʎɪʔ ˈdantəʔ dʌˈʂːɑnsəʔ] | [kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪpaŋ-ˈkətːa ɲɪʔ wʏʔˈjʉːʎɪʔ ˈdantəʔ dʌˈʂːɑnsəʔ] | ||
dog-ERG ATEL.INSTR.APPL-bite 3PS.GEN sharp tooth DAT=boss | dog-ERG ATEL.INSTR.APPL-bite 3PS.GEN sharp tooth.ABS DAT=boss | ||
A dog was biting the boss with its sharp teeth. | A dog was biting the boss with its sharp teeth. | ||
==Copula== | |||
The Thangha' copula /ɕəʔ/ is a verb that conjugates regularly like all of the others. Note that for it to correspond to English "to be", it must take the atelic aspect, so in the default voice it is /ʎə-ˈɕəʔ/. If it takes the telic aspect (i.e. becoming /mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɕəʔ/ in the default voice), it means "to become". | |||
Note that the copula counts as a transitive verb, so the subject generally takes the ergative case e.g. | |||
/ˈcçada-ɟa ʎə-ˈɕəʔ ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | |||
[ˈcçædæ-ɟæ ʎɪˈɕːɪʔ ˈʂɑnsəʔ] | |||
shepherd-ERG ATEL-be boss.ABS | |||
The shepherd is the boss (answering the actual or implied question of "Who is the boss?") | |||
However, just as with other transitive verbs, the subject can be topicalised, in which case it loses the ergative marker e.g. | |||
/ˈcçada ʎə-ˈɕəʔ ˈʂaⁿsəʔ/ | |||
[ˈcçæda ʎɪˈɕːɪʔ ˈʂɑnsəʔ] | |||
shepherd.TOP ATEL-be boss.ABS | |||
The shepherd is the boss (answering the actual or implied question of "What does the shepherd do?") | |||
The same copula is used when adjectives are used predicatively (remember Thangha' makes no distinction between adjectives and nouns) e.g. | |||
/ˈdaⁿtəʔ-ɟa naⁿ-kʷəʔˈta ʎə-ˈɕəʔ wəʔˈjuːʎəʔ/ | |||
[ˈdantɪɟːæ naŋkʷʊʔˈta ʎɪˈɕːɪʔ wʏʔˈjʉːʎɪʔ] | |||
tooth-ERG GEN-dog ATEL-be sharp | |||
The dog's teeth are sharp. | |||