Valmoric morphology: Difference between revisions
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Valmoric has 10 cases, detailed below. This case system has undergone both simplifications and innovations from the original Ando-Valic 13-case system. | Valmoric has 10 cases, detailed below. This case system has undergone both simplifications and innovations from the original Ando-Valic 13-case system. | ||
; Nominative | |||
The nominative case is used to denote: | The nominative case is used to denote: | ||
* The subject of an accusative-aligned intransitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read. | * The subject of an accusative-aligned intransitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read. | ||
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It is principially unmarked, though nominative nouns undergo certain initial mutations with the definite article. | It is principially unmarked, though nominative nouns undergo certain initial mutations with the definite article. | ||
; Accusative | |||
The accusative case is used to denote: | The accusative case is used to denote: | ||
* The object of an accusative-aligned monotransitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | * The object of an accusative-aligned monotransitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | ||
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* In ergative-aligned clauses, it also functions as the '''instrumental''' case (see below). | * In ergative-aligned clauses, it also functions as the '''instrumental''' case (see below). | ||
; Dative | |||
The dative case is used to denote: | The dative case is used to denote: | ||
* The recipient of a ditransitive clause: The woman read <u>the child</u> a book. | * The recipient of a ditransitive clause: The woman read <u>the child</u> a book. | ||
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* A compulsory autobenefactive: I will lay <u>me</u> down. (Modern English: I will lie down. / I will lay myself down.) | * A compulsory autobenefactive: I will lay <u>me</u> down. (Modern English: I will lie down. / I will lay myself down.) | ||
; Genitive | |||
The genitive case is used to denote: | The genitive case is used to denote: | ||
* A possessor in an accusative-aligned clause: That is <u>someone's</u> house. | * A possessor in an accusative-aligned clause: That is <u>someone's</u> house. | ||
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** The object of a transitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | ** The object of a transitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | ||
; Instrumental | |||
The instrumental case is used to denote: | The instrumental case is used to denote: | ||
* An instrument using which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with a knife</u>. | * An instrument using which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with a knife</u>. | ||
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* In ergative-aligned clauses, the instrumental case acts as the '''absolutive''' case, which is used to denote the subject of a transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book. | * In ergative-aligned clauses, the instrumental case acts as the '''absolutive''' case, which is used to denote the subject of a transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book. | ||
; Ablative | |||
The ablative case indicates: | The ablative case indicates: | ||
* Motion from a place: I came <u>from work</u>. | * Motion from a place: I came <u>from work</u>. | ||
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* The agent of a passive clause: He was dearly loved <u>by his brothers</u>. | * The agent of a passive clause: He was dearly loved <u>by his brothers</u>. | ||
; Allative | |||
The allative case indicates: | The allative case indicates: | ||
* Motion to a place: I am going <u>to work</u>. | * Motion to a place: I am going <u>to work</u>. | ||
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* A benefactive: I would do anything <u>for him</u>. | * A benefactive: I would do anything <u>for him</u>. | ||
; Partitive | |||
The partitive case is used for: | The partitive case is used for: | ||
* A subset: I met some <u>of them</u>. | * A subset: I met some <u>of them</u>. | ||
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* Certain objects of intransitive verbs: I drank <u>of the water</u>. (Also used in Valmoric with such verbs as "forget", "know" and "remember". | * Certain objects of intransitive verbs: I drank <u>of the water</u>. (Also used in Valmoric with such verbs as "forget", "know" and "remember". | ||
; Comparative | |||
The comparative case is used for: | The comparative case is used for: | ||
* Equative comparisons: I am as good <u>as them</u>. | * Equative comparisons: I am as good <u>as them</u>. | ||
* Differentiating comparisons: I am better <u>than them</u>. | * Differentiating comparisons: I am better <u>than them</u>. | ||
; Essive | |||
The essive case is used for: | The essive case is used for: | ||
* A state of being: <u>Being a composer</u> I know a lot about music. | * A state of being: <u>Being a composer</u> I know a lot about music. | ||
* A period of time: I often went swimming <u>as a child</u>. | * A period of time: I often went swimming <u>as a child</u>. | ||
; Vocative | |||
The vocative case expresses direct address: Hello, <u>world</u>! | The vocative case expresses direct address: Hello, <u>world</u>! | ||