Brytho-Hellenic: Difference between revisions
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Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings: | Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings: | ||
* ''' | * '''ø''', that is typical of masculine nouns; | ||
* ''' | * '''æ''', that is used with feminine nouns; | ||
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns. | * '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns. | ||
Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''w''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is ''' | Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''w''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gæ'''; the plural of '''ŵr''', "water", is '''wdhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few. | ||
Here is a list of nouns with plural form: | Here is a list of nouns with plural form: | ||
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!'''Meaning''' | !'''Meaning''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !lidh | ||
| | |lidhø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|stone | |stone | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!kŵr | !kŵr | ||
| | |kŵræ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|land | |land | ||
!ŵran | !ŵran | ||
| | |wranø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|sky, heaven | |sky, heaven | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !kryvid | ||
| | |kryvidas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|shoe | |shoe | ||
! | !fws | ||
| | |fwdhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|light | |light | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !sŵy | ||
| | |sŵæ | ||
| | |feminine | ||
|life | |life | ||
!lws | !lws | ||
| | |lwsæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|language | |language | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|animal | |animal | ||
! | !bivyl | ||
| | |bivlø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|book | |book | ||
|- | |- | ||
!ef | !ef | ||
| | |afæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|love | |love | ||
! | !alwvik | ||
| | |alwvikæ | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|fox | |fox | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !køran | ||
| | |køranø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lord | |lord | ||
! | !køren | ||
| | |køranæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|lady | |lady | ||
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|man | |man | ||
!gunys | !gunys | ||
| | |gunæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|woman | |woman | ||
|- | |- | ||
!pur | !pur | ||
| | |purø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|fire | |fire | ||
! | !kefel | ||
| | |kefalæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|head | |head | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !tov | ||
| | |tovø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|place | |place | ||
!kron | !kron | ||
| | |kronø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|time | |time | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !odhyr | ||
| | |odhrø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|morning | |morning | ||
! | !yver | ||
| | |yveræ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|day | |day | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dyl | !dyl | ||
| | |dylæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|afternoon | |afternoon | ||
! | !efer | ||
| | |eferæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|evening | |evening | ||
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|night | |night | ||
!hilyn | !hilyn | ||
| | |hilynæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|moon | |moon | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !seldh | ||
| | |seldhø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|priest | |priest | ||
! | !sildh | ||
| | |seldhæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|priestess | |priestess | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|tree | |tree | ||
! | !kadh | ||
| | |kadhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|hand | |hand | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|star | |star | ||
! | !omadh | ||
| | |omadhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|eye | |eye | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !kedhydh | ||
| | |kedhydhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|teacher | |teacher | ||
! | !fil | ||
| | |filø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|friend | |friend | ||
|- | |- | ||
!ethyr | !ethyr | ||
| | |ethrø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|enemy | |enemy | ||
! | !edhær | ||
| | |edhærø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lover | |lover | ||
|- | |- | ||
!kuwn | !kuwn | ||
| | |kunø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|dog | |dog | ||
!kom | !kom | ||
| | |komø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|world | |world | ||
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!derwen | !derwen | ||
|darwen | |darwen | ||
| | |darwenæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|oak | |oak | ||
|- | |- | ||
!derwydd | !derwydd | ||
| | |darwydh | ||
| | |darwydhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|priest, magician, druid | |priest, magician, druid | ||
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!bryn | !bryn | ||
|bryn | |bryn | ||
| | |brynæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|hill | |hill | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nifwl | !nifwl | ||
| | |nivwl | ||
| | |nivlø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|mist, fog | |mist, fog | ||
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!llyn | !llyn | ||
|lyn | |lyn | ||
| | |lynø | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lake | |lake | ||
|- | |- | ||
!gwellt | !gwellt | ||
| | |gweldh | ||
| | |gweldhas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|grass | |grass | ||
|- | |- | ||
!ofydd | !ofydd | ||
| | |ovydh | ||
| | |ovydhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|ovate | |ovate | ||
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!awen | !awen | ||
|awen | |awen | ||
| | |awenæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|inspiration | |inspiration | ||
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!bleydh | !bleydh | ||
|bleudh | |bleudh | ||
| | |bleudhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|wolf | |wolf | ||
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!calon | !calon | ||
|kalen | |kalen | ||
| | |kalenæ | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|heart | |heart | ||
|} | |} | ||
Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes ''' | Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''gwedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain. | ||
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist". | Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist". | ||
Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, ''' | Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''dævon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Awenæ''' is also used to mean '''Mwsæ''', plural of '''Mws''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse". | ||
====Formation of feminine==== | ====Formation of feminine==== | ||
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Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes: | Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes: | ||
* '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y) | * '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y)ræ''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydhyr''' (plural: ''melbydhræ''); | ||
* '''-en''' (pl. ''- | * '''-en''' (pl. ''-anæ''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ethyr''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranæ''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanæ''); | ||
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a- | * '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-æ''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafæ''); '''maw''' (= "sorcerer") > '''mew''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mawæ''). | ||
Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: ''' | Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''seldh''' > '''sildh''' (plural: ''seldhæ''). | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== |