Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 282: Line 282:


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns and adjectives===
:''Main article: [[Thensarian/Morphology]]''
====Masculine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''δȳrom'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''δȳrom'' || ''δyδȳrom'' || ''δȳrīs''
|-
! Definite
| ''δȳrae'' || ''δyδȳrae'' || ''δȳrinny''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''δȳrom'' - 'word'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''δȳrot''||''δȳror''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''δȳrōn''||''δȳroryn''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''δȳrossi''||''δȳroressi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''δȳrossy''||''δȳroressy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''δȳrō''||''δȳrory''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''δȳrī''||''δȳrorī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''δȳra''||''δȳrora''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''δȳrommo''||''δȳrorammo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''δȳront''||''δȳrorynt''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''δȳrocca''||''δȳrorecca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''δȳrōr''||''δȳrorōr''
|}
 
====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gondā'' || ''gogondā'' || ''gondār''
|-
! Definite
| ''gondām'' || ''gogondām'' || ''gondāsa''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gondā'' - 'body'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''gondāt''||''gondanna''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''gondaen''||''gondannan''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''gondaessi''||''gondannassi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''gondaessy''||''gondannassy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''gondae''||''gondanny''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''gondaeī''||''gondannī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''gondaea''||''gondanna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''gondaemmo''||''gondannammo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''gondaent''||''gondannynt''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''gondaecca''||''gondannecca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''gondaeōr''||''gondannōr''
|}
 
====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tecty'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tecty'' || ''tetecty'' || ''tectȳn''
|-
! Definite
| ''tectys'' || ''tetectys'' || ''tectȳr''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tecty'' - 'child'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''tectyt''||''tectȳsi''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''tectyn''||''tectȳsin''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''tectyssi''||''tectȳssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''tectyssy''||''tectȳssy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''tectymy''||''tectȳsiō''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''tectymī''||''tectȳsī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''tectyma''||''tectȳsia''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''tectȳmmo''||''tectȳsimmo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''tectȳnt''||''tectȳsint''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''tectȳcca''||''tectȳsicca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''tectymōr''||''tectȳsiōr''
|}
 
====Mass nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenā'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenā'' || ''jenenā''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaȝes'' || ''jenenaȝes''
|}
 
===Adjectives===
The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.
===Verbs===
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
 
#switch-reference marker
#applicative or derivational prefixes
#object prefix
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
#'''STEM'''
#voice suffix
#TAM + subject
#emphatic suffix ''-is''
 
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
 
====Object markers====
*1sg: ''ni-''
*2sg: ''ri-''
*3sg: ''bi-''
*1pl.ex: ''mē-''
*1pl.ex: ''dē-''
*2pl: ''sē-''
*3pl: ''nē-''
 
====TAM + subject markers====
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
 
*Consonant stems: (-y-)
*Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
 
The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
*''cacsyn'''is''''' = I eat
*''nīs cacsyn'' = I do not eat
=====Present=====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussa'''nis''' || tore'''nis''' || cacsy'''nis'''
|-
| 2SG || tussa'''ris''' || tore'''ris''' || cacsy'''ris'''
|-
| 3SG.M || tussa'''mis''' || tore'''mis''' || cacsy'''mis'''
|-
| 3SG.F || tussa'''sis''' || tore'''sis''' || cacsy'''sis'''
|-
| 3SG.N || tussa'''s''' || tore'''s''' || cacsy'''s'''
|-
| 1EX || tussa'''mēs''' || tore'''mēs''' || cacsy'''mēs'''
|-
| 1IN || tussa'''ntis''' || tore'''ntis''' || cacsy'''ntis'''
|-
| 2PL || tussa'''sces''' || tore'''sces''' || cacsy'''sces'''
|-
| 3PL || tussa'''tis''' || tore'''tis''' || cacsy'''tis'''
|}
Dependent forms (shown with ''nīs'' 'not'):
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussa'''n''' || nīs tore'''n''' || nīs cacsy'''n'''
|-
| 2SG || nīs tussa'''r''' || nīs tore'''r''' || nīs cacsy'''r'''
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''m''' || nīs tore'''m''' || nīs cacsy'''m'''
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''si''' || nīs tore'''si''' || nīs cacsy'''si'''
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tussa || nīs tore || nīs cacsy
|-
| 1EX || nīs tussa'''mē''' || nīs tore'''mē''' || nīs cacsy'''mē'''
|-
| 1IN || nīs tussa'''nt''' || nīs tore'''nt''' || nīs cacsy'''nt'''
|-
| 2PL || nīs tussa'''sce''' || nīs tore'''sce''' || nīs cacsy'''sce'''
|-
| 3PL || nīs tussa'''t''' || nīs tore'''t''' || nīs cacsy'''t'''
|}
 
=====Imperfect=====
Uses reduplication:
*Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant
*Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel
 
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tetussa'''nis''' || tetore'''nis'''
|-
| 2SG || tetussa'''ris''' || tetore'''ris'''
|-
| 3SG.M || tetussa'''mis''' || tetore'''mis'''
|-
| 3SG.F || tetussa'''sis''' || tetore'''sis'''
|-
| 3SG.N || tetussa'''s''' || tetore'''s'''
|-
| 1EX || tetussa'''mēs''' || tetore'''mēs'''
|-
| 1IN || tetussa'''ntis''' || tetore'''ntis'''
|-
| 2PL || tetussa'''sces''' || tetore'''sces'''
|-
| 3PL || tetussa'''tis''' || tetore'''tis'''
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tetussa'''n''' || nīs tetore'''n'''
|-
| 2SG || nīs tetussa'''r''' || nīs tetore'''r'''
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tetussa'''m''' || nīs tetore'''m'''
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tetussa'''si''' || nīs tetore'''si'''
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tetussa || nīs tetore
|-
| 1EX || nīs tetussa'''mē''' || nīs tetore'''mē'''
|-
| 1IN || nīs tetussa'''nt''' || nīs tetore'''nt'''
|-
| 2PL || nīs tetussa'''sce''' || nīs tetore'''sce'''
|-
| 3PL || nīs tetussa'''t''' || nīs tetore'''t'''
|}
 
=====Preterite=====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussa'''nnemis''' || tore'''nnemis'''
|-
| 2SG || tussa'''rȳs''' || tore'''rȳs'''
|-
| 3SG.M || tussa'''smis''' || tore'''smis'''
|-
| 3SG.F || tussa'''stis''' || tore'''stis'''
|-
| 3SG.N || tussa'''sos''' || tore'''sos'''
|-
| 1EX || tussa'''meris''' || tore'''meris'''
|-
| 1IN || tussa'''nteris''' || tore'''nteris'''
|-
| 2PL || tussa'''sceris''' || tore'''sceris'''
|-
| 3PL || tussa'''teris''' || tore'''teris'''
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussa'''nnem''' || nīs tore'''nnem'''
|-
| 2SG || nīs tussa'''rȳ''' || nīs tore'''rȳ'''
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''smi''' || nīs tore'''smi'''
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''sti''' || nīs tore'''sti'''
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tussa'''so''' || nīs tore'''so'''
|-
| 1EX || nīs tussa'''mer''' || nīs tore'''mer'''
|-
| 1IN || nīs tussa'''nter''' || nīs tore'''nter'''
|-
| 2PL || nīs tussa'''scer''' || nīs tore'''scer'''
|-
| 3PL || nīs tussa'''ter''' || nīs tore'''ter'''
|}
 
=====Future=====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussa'''tēnis''' || tore'''tēnis'''
|-
| 2SG || tussa'''tēris''' || tore'''tēris'''
|-
| 3SG.M || tussa'''tēmis''' || tore'''tēmis'''
|-
| 3SG.F || tussa'''tēsis''' || tore'''tēsis'''
|-
| 3SG.N || tussa'''tēs''' || tore'''tēs'''
|-
| 1EX || tussa'''tēmēs''' || tore'''tēmēs'''
|-
| 1IN || tussa'''tēntis''' || tore'''tēntis'''
|-
| 2PL || tussa'''tēsces''' || tore'''tēsces'''
|-
| 3PL || tussa'''tētis''' || tore'''tētis'''
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussa'''tēn''' || nīs tore'''tēn'''
|-
| 2SG || nīs tussa'''tēr''' || nīs tore'''tēr'''
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''tēm''' || nīs tore'''tēm'''
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''tēsi''' || nīs tore'''tēsi'''
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tussa'''tē''' || nīs tore'''tē'''
|-
| 1EX || nīs tussa'''tēmē''' || nīs tore'''tēmē'''
|-
| 1IN || nīs tussa'''tēnt''' || nīs tore'''tēnt'''
|-
| 2PL || nīs tussa'''tēsce''' || nīs tore'''tēsce'''
|-
| 3PL || nīs tussa'''tēt''' || nīs tore'''tēt'''
|}
 
=====Subjunctive=====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussa'''naes''' || tore'''naes'''
|-
| 2SG || tussa'''raes''' || tore'''raes'''
|-
| 3SG.M || tussa'''mioris''' || tore'''mioris'''
|-
| 3SG.F || tussa'''sioris''' || tore'''sioris'''
|-
| 3SG.N || tuss'''oris''' || tor'''ioris'''
|-
| 1EX || tussa'''maes''' || tore'''maes'''
|-
| 1IN || tussa'''ntaes''' || tore'''ntaes'''
|-
| 2PL || tussa'''scaes''' || tore'''scaes'''
|-
| 3PL || tussa'''tioris''' || tore'''tioris'''
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || δā tussa'''nae''' || δā tore'''nae'''
|-
| 2SG || δā tussa'''rae''' || δā tore'''rae'''
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussa'''mior''' || δā tore'''mior'''
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussa'''sior''' || δā tore'''sior'''
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tuss'''or''' || δā tor'''ior'''
|-
| 1EX || δā tussa'''mae''' || δā tore'''tēmē'''
|-
| 1IN || δā tussa'''ntae''' || δā tore'''tēnt'''
|-
| 2PL || δā tussa'''scae''' || δā tore'''tēsce'''
|-
| 3PL || δā tussa'''tior''' || δā tore'''tēt'''
|}
 
=====Optative=====
*1sg ''-dun(is)''?
*2sg ''-dur(is)''
*3sg.m ''-dum(is)''
*3sg.f ''-dusi(s)''
*3sg.n ''-du(s)''
*1ex ''-dumā(s)''
*1in ''-dunt(is)''
*2pl ''-dusce(s)''
*3pl ''-dut(is)''
 
=====Imperative=====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || tuss'''ās'''! || tor'''ēs'''!
|-
| 1IN || tussa'''ntēs!''' || tore'''ntēs'''!
|-
| 2PL || tussa'''scēs!''' || tore'''scēs'''!
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || δā tuss'''ā'''! || δā tor'''ē'''!
|-
| 1IN || δā tussa'''ntē!''' || δā tore'''ntē'''!
|-
| 2PL || δā tussa'''scē!''' || δā tore'''scē'''!
|}
 
===Derivational morphology===
*''ar-, afor-'' = telic
*''fer-'' = nominalizer
*''ēs-'' = co-, together
*''-ro-'' = passive marker
*''-t-'' = a causative marker
 
===Numbers===
*1: ''cēmym''
*2: ''tiθōr''
*3: ''narge''
*4: ''δaobe''
*5: ''salithe''
*6: ''stāmym''
*7: ''rōde''
*8: ''lorede''
*9: ''barve''
*10: ''ħiōr''
*11: ''jācēmym''
*12: ''naesā''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Tigol/Proto-Tigol"