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| ===Verbs=== | | ===Verbs=== |
| There are three main classes of verbs: the suffix, prefix, and adjectival conjugations.
| | See: [[Af Mexee/Verbs]] |
| ====Class I: Suffix Conjugation====
| |
| The suffix conjugation is the most common and productive verb class. It can be divided into 5 conjugation groups:
| |
| #Conjugation 1: Root verbs
| |
| #Conjugation 2: ''-(a)m-'' (anticausative) verbs
| |
| #Conjugation 3 (A, B, C): ''-ish-'' (causative) verbs
| |
| #Conjugation 4 (A, B, C): ''-at-'' (middle) verbs
| |
| #Conjugation 5 (A, B): ''-p-'' verbs
| |
| *'''Note:''' Affixes can be combined - e.g. ''cunsiismid'' "to be made to eat" (stem: ''cun-siish-am-''). When any derivational affix is added to ''-ish-'' (or derivatives such as ''-siish-''), the ''-sh-'' always becomes ''-s-''. Affixes combine in the order -''oo/aa''- + -''p''- + -''(si)ish''- + -''at/o''- + -''(a)m''-.
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 1=====
| |
| Root verbs with no extra affixes. e.g. ''keeni'' "to bring" (stem: ''keen-'')
| |
| | |
| (Note: –́ = penultimate high tone, or final if monomoraic)
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 1
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''–́ i''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''keén<b>i</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-íd'' (''-íth-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''keen<b>íd</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-a''</center> || <center>''keen<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''-í''</center> || <center>''keen<b>í</b>''</center>|| <center>''-i''</center> || <center>''keen<b>i</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-ín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''keen<b>ín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-ta''</center> || <center>''keen<b>ta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-tí''</center> || <center>''keen<b>tí</b>''</center>||<center>''-ti''</center> || <center>''keen<b>ti</b>''</center>|| <center>–́ </center> || <center>''kéen''</center>|| <center>''–́ in''</center> || <center>''keén<b>in</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-a''</center> || <center>''keen<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ó''</center> || <center>''keen<b>ó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-i''</center> || <center>''keen<b>i</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-ta''</center> || <center>''keen<b>ta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-tó''</center> || <center>''keen<b>tó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ti''</center> || <center>''keen<b>ti</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-na''</center> || <center>''keen<b>na</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-nó''</center> || <center>''keen<b>nó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ni''</center> || <center>''keen<b>ni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-tiín''</center> || <center>''keen<b>tiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-tiín''</center> || <center>''keen<b>tiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-teén''</center> || <center>''keen<b>teén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–́ a''</center>|| <center>''keén<b>a</b>''</center>||<center>''-ína''</center> || <center>''keen<b>ína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-aán''</center> || <center>''keen<b>aán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aán''</center> || <center>''keen<b>aán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-eén''</center> || <center>''keen<b>eén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 2=====
| |
| Verbs derived from lexically causative verbs with the passive/anticausative affix ''-(a)m-''. When derived from a Conjugation 3 verb, the ''-sh-'' becomes a ''-s-'', giving the combined affix ''-(i)s(a)m-'' Note that in dropping environments, either the ''-i-'' or ''-a-'' of ''-(i)s(a)m-'' may be dropped - e.g. ''karisma'' or ''karsama'' "it cooks" (the latter is more common). -''(a)m''- can also combine with ''-at-'' (though more rarely) to form ''-am-'', where the -''a''- is NOT dropped. There are two competing paradigms for Conjugation 2 verbs: the first treats them as a Conjugation 1 verb, with the ''-(a)m'' affix behaving as a part of the stem, while the second is a hybrid of Conjugations 1 and 4. The hybrid paradigm cannot be used when the ''-a-'' of ''-(a)m-'' is preserved in a combined affix such as ''-am-'' or ''-sam-''.
| |
| | |
| e.g. ''xirmi'' "to close (<small>INTR</small>), get closed" (stem: ''xir-(a)m-'')
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 2 - Paradigm 1
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''–́ mi''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''xír<b>mi</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-míd'' (''-míth-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''xir<b>míd</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-ma''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ma</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mí''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mi''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-mín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''xir<b>mín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-anta''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-antí''</center> || <center>''xir<b>antí</b>''</center>||<center>''-anti''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anti</b>''</center>|| <center>''–́ an''</center> || <center>''xír<b>an</b>''</center>|| <center>''–́ min''</center> || <center>''xír<b>min</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-ma''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ma</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mi''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-anta''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-antó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>antó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-anti''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anti</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-anna''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-annó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>annó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-anni''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-antiín''</center> || <center>''xir<b>antiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-antiín''</center> || <center>''xir<b>antiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-anteén''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anteén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–́ ma''</center>|| <center>''xír<b>ma</b>''</center>||<center>''-mína''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-maán''</center> || <center>''xir<b>maán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-maán''</center> || <center>''xir<b>maán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-meén''</center> || <center>''xir<b>meén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 2 - Paradigm 2
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''–́ mi''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''xír<b>mi</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-míd'' (''-míth-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''xir<b>míd</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-ma''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ma</b>''</center>|| <center>''ˊ-mí''</center> || <center>''xír<b>mí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mi''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-mín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''xir<b>mín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-mata''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-matí''</center> || <center>''xir<b>matí</b>''</center>||<center>''-mati''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mati</b>''</center>|| <center>''–mó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mó</b>''</center>|| <center>''ˊ–min''</center> || <center>''xír<b>min</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-ma''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ma</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mi''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-mata''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mató''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mató</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mati''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mati</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-manna''</center> || <center>''xir<b>manna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-mannó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mannó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-manni''</center> || <center>''xir<b>manni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-matiín''</center> || <center>''xir<b>matiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-matiín''</center> || <center>''xir<b>matiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-mateén''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mateén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–́ ma''</center>|| <center>''xír<b>ma</b>''</center>||<center>''-mína''</center> || <center>''xir<b>mína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-maán''</center> || <center>''xir<b>maán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-maán''</center> || <center>''xir<b>maán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-meén''</center> || <center>''xir<b>meén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 3A=====
| |
| Verbs derived from root verbs with the causisive affix ''-ish-''. The ''sh'' combines with ''t'' and ''n'' to form ''s'' and ''nn'' respectively. e.g. ''karín'' "to cook" (stem: ''kar-ish-'').
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 3A
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-ín''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''kar<b>ín</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-ís'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''kar<b>ís</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-(i)sha''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)sha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)shí''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)shí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)shi''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)shi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-inín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''kar<b>inín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-isa''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-isí''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isí</b>''</center>||<center>''-isi''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isi</b>''</center>|| <center>''ˊ–ish''</center> || <center>''kár<b>ish</b>''</center>|| <center>''–ínin''</center> || <center>''kar<b>ínin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-(i)sha''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)sha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)shó''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)shó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)shi''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)shi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-isa''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-isó''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-isi''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isi</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-ina''</center> || <center>''kar<b>ina</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-inó''</center> || <center>''kar<b>inó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ini''</center> || <center>''kar<b>ini</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-isiín''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-isiín''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-iseén''</center> || <center>''kar<b>iseén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–ísha/-́sha''</center>|| <center>''kar<b>ísha</b>/kár<b>sha</b>''</center>||<center>''-inína''</center> || <center>''kar<b>inína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-(i)shaán''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)shaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)shaán''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)shaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)sheén''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)sheén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 3B=====
| |
| Verbs derived with the causative affix ''-siish-'' (from ''-ish-'' + ''-ish-''). e.g. ''gaarsiin'' "to make reach".
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 3B
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-siín''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''gaar<b>siín</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-siís'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''gaar<b>siís</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-siisha''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishí''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-siinín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''gaar<b>siiinín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-siisa''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisí''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisí</b>''</center>||<center>''-siisi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisi</b>''</center>|| <center>''–síish''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>síish</b>''</center>|| <center>''–siínin''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siínin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-siisha''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-siisa''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisi</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-siina''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siina</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-siinó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siinó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siini''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siini</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-siisiín''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-siisiín''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siiseén''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siiseén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–siísha''</center>|| <center>''gaar<b>siísha</b>''</center>||<center>''-siinína''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siinína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-siishaán''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishaán''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisheén''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisheén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 3C=====
| |
| Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives with the causative affix ''-aash-'' (from ''-aa- + -(i)sh-''). e.g. ''bishaayn'' "to water, pour water (in/on)".
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 3C
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aáyn''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''bish<b>aáyn</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aás'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''bish<b>aás</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-aasha''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashí''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-aaynín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''bish<b>aaynín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-aasa''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasí''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasí</b>''</center>||<center>''-aasi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasi</b>''</center>|| <center>''ˊ–aash''</center> || <center>''bish<b>áash</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aáynin''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aáynin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-aasha''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-aasa''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasi</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-aayna''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-aaynó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayni''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-aasiín''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-aasiín''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaseén''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaseén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aásha''</center>|| <center>''bish<b>aásha</b>''</center>||<center>''-aaynína''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-aashaán''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashaán''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasheén''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasheén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 4A=====
| |
| Verbs with the middle/autobenefactive affix ''-o/at-''. When derived from Conjugation 3 verbs, the ''-sh-'' becomes ''-s-'', giving the combined affix ''-so/sat-''. Depending on the stem, there may or may not be reductions. e.g. ''xirán'' "to put on" (stem: ''xir-at-''), ''karsán'' "to cook for oneself" (stem: ''kar-s-at-'').
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 4A - With reductions
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-án''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''xir<b>án</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-ashó'' (''-ashá-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''xir<b>ashó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-ta''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-tí''</center> || <center>''xir<b>tí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ti''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ti</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-anín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''xir<b>anín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-ata''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-atí''</center> || <center>''xir<b>atí</b>''</center>||<center>''-ati''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ati</b>''</center>|| <center>''–ó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ó</b>''</center>|| <center>''–ánin''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ánin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-ta''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-tó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>tó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ti''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ti</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-ata''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ató''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ató</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ati''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ati</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-anna''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-annó''</center> || <center>''xir<b>annó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-anni''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-atiín''</center> || <center>''xir<b>atiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-atiín''</center> || <center>''xir<b>atiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ateén''</center> || <center>''xir<b>ateén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–́ ta''</center>|| <center>''xír<b>ta</b>''</center>||<center>''-anína''</center> || <center>''xir<b>anína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-taán''</center> || <center>''xir<b>taán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-taán''</center> || <center>''xir<b>taán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-teén''</center> || <center>''xir<b>teén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 4A - Without reductions
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-án''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''kars<b>án</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-ashó'' (''-ashá-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''kars<b>ashó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmtive !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmtive !! colspan="2" | Past Negtive !! colspan="2" | Impertive Affirmtive !! colspan="2" | Impertive Negtive
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-atha''</center> || <center>''kars<b>atha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-athí''</center> || <center>''kars<b>athí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-athi''</center> || <center>''kars<b>athi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-anín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''kars<b>anín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-ata''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-atí''</center> || <center>''kars<b>atí</b>''</center>||<center>''-ati''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ati</b>''</center>|| <center>''–ó''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ó</b>''</center>|| <center>''–ánin''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ánin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-atha''</center> || <center>''kars<b>atha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-athó''</center> || <center>''kars<b>athó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-athi''</center> || <center>''kars<b>athi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-ata''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ató''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ató</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ati''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ati</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-anna''</center> || <center>''kars<b>anna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-annó''</center> || <center>''kars<b>annó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-anni''</center> || <center>''kars<b>anni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-atiín''</center> || <center>''kars<b>atiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-atiín''</center> || <center>''kars<b>atiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ateén''</center> || <center>''kars<b>ateén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–́ atha''</center>|| <center>''kárs<b>atha</b>''</center>||<center>''-anína''</center> || <center>''kars<b>anína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-athaán''</center> || <center>''kars<b>athaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-athaán''</center> || <center>''kars<b>athaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-atheén''</center> || <center>''kars<b>atheén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 4B=====
| |
| Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally adjectives) with the affix ''-oo/aath-'' (from ''-aa- + -o/at-''). Class III verbs all have a Conjugation 4B counterpart, which is used inchoatively and/or continuatively. They share infinitive and imperative forms. e.g. ''ahaan'' "to be" (Class III) or "to become/remain" (Conjugation 4B, stem: ''eh-aath-'').
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 4B
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aán''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ah<b>aán</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aashó'' (''-aashá-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ah<b>aashó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperaative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-aatha''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aathí''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aathí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aathi''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-aanín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''ah<b>aanín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-aata''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aatí''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aatí</b>''</center>||<center>''-aati''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aati</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oó''</center> || <center>''ah<b>oó</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aánin''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aánin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-aatha''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aathó''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aathó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aathi''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-aata''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aata</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aató''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aató</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aati''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aati</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-aanna''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aanna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-aannó''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aannó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aanni''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aanni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-aatiín''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aatiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-aatiín''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aatiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aateén''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aateén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aátha''</center>|| <center>''ah<b>aátha</b>''</center>||<center>''-aanína''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aanína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-aathaán''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aathaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aathaán''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aathaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aatheén''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aatheén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 4C=====
| |
| Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally nouns ending in ''-o'') with the affix ''-oo/ooth-'' (from ''-oo- + -o/at-''). e.g. ''caroón'' "to become angry" (stem ''car-ooth-'', from ''caro'' "anger").
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 4C
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-oón''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''car<b>oón</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-ooshó'' (''-ooshá-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''car<b>ooshó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-ootha''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oothí''</center> || <center>''car<b>oothí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oothi''</center> || <center>''car<b>oothi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-oonín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''car<b>oonín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-oota''</center> || <center>''car<b>oota</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ootí''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootí</b>''</center>||<center>''-ooti''</center> || <center>''car<b>ooti</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oó''</center> || <center>''car<b>oó</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oónin''</center> || <center>''car<b>oónin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-ootha''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oothó''</center> || <center>''car<b>oothó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oothi''</center> || <center>''car<b>oothi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-oota''</center> || <center>''car<b>oota</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ootó''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ooti''</center> || <center>''car<b>ooti</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-oona''</center> || <center>''car<b>oona</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-oonó''</center> || <center>''car<b>oonó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ooni''</center> || <center>''car<b>ooni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-ootiín''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-ootiín''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ooteén''</center> || <center>''car<b>ooteén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oótha''</center>|| <center>''car<b>oótha</b>''</center>||<center>''-oonína''</center> || <center>''car<b>oonína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-oothaán''</center> || <center>''car<b>oothaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oothaán''</center> || <center>''car<b>oothaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ootheén''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootheén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 5A=====
| |
| Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally nouns) with the affix ''-oop-'' (=''-oo-'' + ''-p-''). e.g. ''duqoopi'' "to get old" (stem: ''duq-oop-'')
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 5A
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-oópi''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''duq<b>oópi</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-oopíd'' (''-oopíth-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''duq<b>oopíd</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-oopa''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oopí''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oopi''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-oopín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''duq<b>oopín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-oowta''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oowtí''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowtí</b>''</center>||<center>''-oowti''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowti</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oów''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oów</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oópin''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oópin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-oopa''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oopó''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oopi''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-oowta''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oowtó''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowtó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oowti''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowti</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-oowna''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-oownó''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oownó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oowni''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-oowtiín''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowtiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-oowtiín''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowtiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oowteén''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oowteén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oópa''</center>|| <center>''duq<b>oópa</b>''</center>||<center>''-oopína''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-oopaán''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oopaán''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oopeén''</center> || <center>''duq<b>oopeén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conjugation 5B=====
| |
| Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally nouns) with the affix ''-aap-'' (=-''aa''- + -''p''-). e.g. ''maghacaápi'' "to name" (stem: ''maghac-aap-''). | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class I Conjugation 5B
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aápi''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''maghac<b>aápi</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aapíd'' (''-aapíth-'') </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''maghac<b>aapíd</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-aapa''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aapí''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapí</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aapi''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-aapín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''maghac<b>aapín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-aawta''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aawtí''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawtí</b>''</center>||<center>''-aawti''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawti</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aáw''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aáw</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aápin''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aápin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-aapa''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aapó''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aapi''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-aawta''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawta</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aawtó''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawtó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aawti''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawti</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-aawna''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-aawnó''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawnó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aawni''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-aawtiín''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawtiín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-aawtiín''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawtiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aawteén''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aawteén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aápa''</center>|| <center>''maghac<b>aápa</b>''</center>||<center>''-aapína''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-aapaán''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aapaán''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aapeén''</center> || <center>''maghac<b>aapeén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Class II: Prefix Conjugation====
| |
| The prefix conjugation is a small, closed class of verbs that conjugate by means of prefixes and vowel changes. It includes the verbs ''aqoon'' "to know", ''ool'' "to be available", ''oran'' "to say/tell", and ''iman'' "to come". They have various forms due to analogy with each other and the suffix conjugation.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ Class II: ''aqoón''
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''aqoón''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''aqaáni''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''aqoon<b>shó</b>'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''aqaan<b>íd</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''aqaan''</center> || <center>''aqaan<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''aqaán''</center> || <center>''aqaan<b>í</b>''</center>|| <center>''aqiin''</center> || <center>''aqaan<b>i</b>''</center>|| <center>''aqiín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''aqaan<b>ín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''taqaan''</center> || <center>''taqaan<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''taqaán''</center> || <center>''taqaan<b>í</b>''</center>||<center>''taqiin''</center> || <center>''taqaan<b>i</b>''</center>|| <center>''taqiín''</center> || <center>''aqóon''</center> || <center>''aqáan''</center>|| <center>''aqíin''</center> || <center>''aqaán<b>in</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''yaqaan''</center> || <center>''yaqaan<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''yaqaán''</center> || <center>''yaqaan<b>ó</b>''</center>|| <center>''yaqiin''</center> || <center>''yaqaan<b>i</b>''</center>|| <center>''yaqiín''</center> || colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''taqaan''</center> || <center>''taqaan<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''taqaán''</center> || <center>''taqaan<b>ó</b>''</center>|| <center>''taqiin''</center> || <center>''taqaan<b>i</b>''</center>|| <center>''taqiín''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''naqaan''</center> || <center>''naqaan<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center> ''naqaán''</center> || <center>''naqaan<b>ó</b>''</center>|| <center>''naqiin''</center> || <center>''naqiin<b>i</b>''</center>|| <center>''naqiín''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''taqaan<b>iín</b>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''taqaan<b>iín</b>''</center>|| <center>''taqiin<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''taqaan<b>eén</b>''</center>|| <center>''taqiin<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''aqoóna''</center>|| <center>''aqaán<b>a</b>''</center>||<center>''aqoon<b>ína</b>''</center> || <center>''aqaan<b>ína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''yaqaan<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''yaqaan<b>aán</b>''</center>|| <center>''yaqaan<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''yaqaan<b>aán</b>''</center>|| <center>''yaqiin<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''yaqaan<b>eén</b>''</center>|| <center>''yaqiin<b>iín</b>''</center> || colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| *''ool'' is conjugated similarly to ''aqoon''.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ Class II: ''orán''
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''or<b>án</b>''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ir<b>aán</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ora<b>shó</b>'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ir<b>aashó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''ar<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''ir<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>í</b>''</center> || <center>''ir<b>aathí</b>''</center>|| <center>''ir<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''ir<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''or<b>anín</b>''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''ir<b>aanín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''tar<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''tir<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>tí</b>''</center> || <center>''tir<b>aathí</b>''</center>||<center>''tir<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''tir<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>ó</b>''</center> || <center>''ir<b>oów</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>ánin</b>''</center> || <center>''ir<b>aánin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''yar<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''yir<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>ó</b>''</center> || <center>''yir<b>aathó</b>''</center>|| <center>''yir<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''yir<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''tar<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''tir<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>tó</b>''</center> || <center>''tir<b>aathó</b>''</center>||<center>''tir<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''tir<b>aathi</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''nar<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''nir<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>nó</b>''</center> || <center>''nir<b>aathí</b>''</center>||<center>''nir<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''nir<b>aathi</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || colspan="2"|<center>''tir<b>aathiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>tiín</b>''</center> || <center>''tir<b>aathiín</b>''</center>||colspan="2"|<center>''tir<b>aatheén</b>''</center> || <center>''or<b>átha</b>''</center> || <center>''ir<b>aátha</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>anína</b>''</center> || <center>''ir<b>aanína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''yir<b>aathiín</b>''</center> || <center>''yir<b>aathaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''or<b>aán</b>''</center> || <center>''yir<b>aathaán</b>''</center>|| colspan="2"|<center>''yir<b>aatheén</b>''</center> || colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ Class II: ''imán''
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''im<b>án</b>''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''im<b>aán</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ima<b>shó</b>'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''im<b>aashó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''im<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''im<b>í</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>aathí</b>''</center>|| <center>''im<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''im<b>anín</b>''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''im<b>aanín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''tim<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''tim<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''tim<b>í</b>''</center> || <center>''tim<b>aathí</b>''</center>||<center>''tim<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''tim<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| <center>''im<b>ó</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>oów</b>''</center>|| <center>''im<b>ánin</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>aánin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''yim<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''yim<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''yim<b>ó</b>''</center> || <center>''yim<b>aathó</b>''</center>|| <center>''yim<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''yim<b>aathi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''tim<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''tim<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''tim<b>ó</b>''</center> || <center>''tim<b>aathó</b>''</center>||<center>''tim<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''tim<b>aathi</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''nim<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''nim<b>aatha</b>''</center>|| <center>''nim<b>ó</b>''</center> || <center>''nim<b>aathí</b>''</center>||<center>''nim<b>i</b>''</center> || <center>''nim<b>aathi</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || colspan="2"|<center>''tim<b>aathiín</b>''</center>|| <center>''tim<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''tim<b>aathiín</b>''</center>||colspan="2"|<center>''tim<b>aatheén</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>átha</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>aátha</b>''</center>|| <center>''im<b>anína</b>''</center> || <center>''im<b>aanína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''yim<b>aathiín</b>''</center> || <center>''yim<b>aathaán</b>''</center>|| <center>''yim<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''yim<b>aathaán</b>''</center>|| colspan="2"|<center>''yim<b>aatheén</b>''</center> || colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Class III: Adjectival Conjugation====
| |
| The adjectival conjugation is used for adjectives and a few stative verbs such as love and hate (which in Somali are adjectives). All Class III verbs are stative, but not all stative verbs are class 3. The citation form for Class III verbs is the third person singular short present indicative. The most basic Class III verb is ''eh'' "being" (stem: ''eh-''). The present has two forms which are used differently.
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ Class III: ''ahaán''
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="10" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ah<b>aán</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="10" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''ah<b>aashó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! Present Negative !! | Past Affirmative !! Past Negative !! Imperative Affirmative !! Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''ah<b>a</b>''</center>||<center>''ih<b>i</b>''</center>|| <center>''ih<b>í</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aay</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''ah<b>aáyn</b>''</center> || colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''tah<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''tih<b>id</b>''</center> ||<center>''tih<b>íd</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aayti</b>''</center>|| <center>''ah<b>oów</b>''</center>|| <center>''ah<b>aánin</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''yah<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''eh''</center>|| <center>''(y)ah<b>á</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aay</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''tah<b>a</b>''</center>|| <center>''eh''</center>||<center>''(t)ah<b>á</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aayti</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''nah<b>a</b>''</center> || <center>''nih<b>in</b>''</center>||<center>''nih<b>ín</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aayni</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''tih<b>iín</b>''</center>|| <center>''tih<b>(ith)iín</b>''</center> || <center>''tih<b>(ith)iín</b>''</center>||<center>''ah<b>aayteén</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aátha</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aanína</b>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''yih<b>iín</b>''</center>||<center>''ah<b>aán</b>''</center>|| <center>''ah<b>aán</b>''/''yih<b>iín</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aayeén</b>''</center> || colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| Other Class III verbs are based off of this. e.g. ''cas'' "red" (stem: ''cas-'').
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Class III
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aán''</span></center> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''cas<b>aán</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aashó'' (''-aashá-'') </span></center> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''cas<b>aashó</b>''</span></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! colspan="4" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Negative !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>1S</center> || <center>''-aha''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>aha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-i''</center> || <center>''cas<b>i</b>''</center>|| <center>''-í''</center> || <center>''cas<b>í</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aay''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aay</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-aanín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''cas<b>aáyn</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
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| | <center>2S</center> || <center>''-taha''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>taha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-id''</center> || <center>''cas<b>id</b>''</center>|| <center>''-íd''</center> || <center>''cas<b>íd</b>''</center>||<center>''-aayti''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayti</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oów''</center> || <center>''cas<b>oów</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aánin''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aánin</b>''</center>
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| | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-yaha''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>yaha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-''</center> || <center>''cas''</center>|| <center>''-á''</center> || <center>''cas<b>á</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aay''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aay</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
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| | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-taha''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>taha</b>''</center> || <center>''-''</center> || <center>''cas''</center>|| <center>''-á''</center> || <center>''cas<b>á</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayti''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayti</b>''</center>
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| | <center>1P</center> || <center>''-naha''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>naha</b>''</center> || <center>''-in''</center> || <center>''cas<b>in</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-ín''</center> || <center>''cas<b>ín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayni''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayni</b>''</center>
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| | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-tihiín''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>tihiín</b>''</center> || <center>''-(ith)iín''</center> || <center>''cas<b>(ith)iín</b>''</center>||<center> ''-(ith)iín''</center> || <center>''cas<b>(ith)iín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayteén''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayteén</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aátha''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>aátha</b>''</center>||<center>''-aanína''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aanína</b>''</center>
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| | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-yihiín''</center>|| <center>''cas<b>yihiín</b>''</center> || <center>''-aán''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aán''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aán</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayeén''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayeén</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
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| |}
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| *An important (and slightly irregular) Class III verb is ''leh'' "having, owning". It is conjugated regular except for the long present, where the stem becomes ''lee-''. An epithetic ''y'' is inserted in the first person singular. e.g. ''leenaha'' "we have/own" (instead of ''*lehnaha''), ''leeyaha'' "I have, he has" (instead of ''*lehaha, *lehyaha'').
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| ====Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Voice====
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| *Impersonal passive (with ''la'') is used as the regular passive as well as pseudo-passive.
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| *Subjunctive forms can be used adjectivally. In this usage, plural marking is optional (hence why adjectives need not be marked for plurality).
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| =====Simple Forms=====
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| *These are forms that do not use auxiliary verbs.
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| =====Simple Present=====
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| *Used similarly to English simple present and past perfect continuous. Generally refers to a habitual action for dynamic verbs, or an ongoing action for stative verbs.
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| *Indicative:
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| **Affirmative: "Present Indicative" forms - e.g. ''us tagha'' "he goes"
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| **Negative: ''má'' + "Present Subjunctive/Negative" - e.g. ''máwsan taghó'' "he does not go"
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| *Subjunctive:
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| **Affirmative: "Present Subjunctive" - e.g. ''nin taghó'' "a man who goes"
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| ***For Class III, the present subjunctive forms are the same as the present negative except in 3S, where it is equivalent to the present indicative with final high tone - e.g. ''nin necéb'' "a man who hates"
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| **Negative: (''an'') + "Past Negative" - e.g. ''nin an taghín'' "a man who does not go"
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| ======Simple Past======
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| *Used for a simple action in the past.
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| *Indicative:
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| **Affirmative: "Past Affirmative" - e.g. ''us taghi'' "he went"
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| **Negative: ''má'' + "Past Negative" - e.g. ''máwsan taghín'' "he did not go"
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| *Subjunctive:
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| **Affirmative: "Past Affirmative" with final high tone - e.g. ''nin taghí'' "a man who went"
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| **Negative: (''an'') + "Past Negative" - e.g. ''nin an taghín'' "a man who did not go" (note that this is identical to the present equivalent; for d=isambiguation, a compound form may be used instead)
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| ======Jussive======
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| *Affirmative:
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| **First and second person: Clitic subject + "Present Subjunctive" with penultimate high tone - e.g. ''an tágno'' "let us go"
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| ***In the second person plural, ''-tiin'' may be replaced by ''-teen''.
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| **Third person: ''há'' + "Present Subjunctive" - e.g. ''há taghó'' "let him go"
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| ***In the plural, the ending ''-aán'' can be ''-eén'' instead.
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| *Negative:
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| **''yáa'' + "2S Imperative Negative" - e.g. ''yóosan tághin'' "let him not go"
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| ======Imperative======
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| *Only occurs in the second person.
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| *Affirmative: "Imperative Affirmative" - e.g. ''tág'' "go!"
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| *Negative: ''há'' + "Imperative Negative" - e.g. ''há tághin'' "do not go!"
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| ======Potential/Assumptive======
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| *Used for an action/state assumed to be true or that is a possibility. It may be used for the past, present, or future.
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| *Affirmative:
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| **Classes I & II: Past affirmative with ''-i'' replaced by ''-e'' - e.g. ''us taghe'' "he must/may have gone"
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| ***Stative verbs have an additional past form, which is as described above but with ''-aay-'' inserted before the ending - e.g. ''us arkaaye'' "he must/may have seen"
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| **Class III:
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| ***Present: Identical to the corresponding Conjugation 4B form - e.g. ''us ahaathe'' "he must/may be"
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| ***Past: Past affirmative with ''-i'' replaced by ''-e'' (or ''-e'' added in 1S & 3S) - e.g. ''us ahaaye'' "he must/may have been"
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| *To specify the tense, compound forms may be used. The default tense is assumed to be past for dynamic verbs.
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| **Future: ''dooni''/''rapi'' - e.g. ''us tághi rape'' "he must/may be about to go"
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| **Present: ''-aashi'' (only for dynamic verbs) - e.g. ''us tághaashe'' "he must/may be going"
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| **Stative verbs have distinct past and present forms - e.g ''us arke'' "he must/may see", ''us arkaaye'' "he must/may have seen"
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| =====Compound Forms=====
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| *These are forms that use the infinitive with auxiliary verbs.
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| ======Present Progressive======
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| *Used for an ongoing action. Can also be used for near future.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive (minus ''-i'' if present) + Conjugation 3C present endings (actually an abbreviated form of ''haashi'' "to have/hold") - e.g. ''us tágaasha'' "he is leaving", ''máwsan tághaashó'' "he is not leaving"
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| ======Past Progressive======
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| *Used for an ongoing action in the past.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive (minus ''-i'' if present) + Conjugation 3C past endings - e.g. ''us tágaashi'' "he was leaving", ''máwsan tághaaynín'' "he was not leaving"
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| ======Near Future======
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| *Used for action in the near future.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive + Present tense of ''rapi'' "to want" - e.g. ''us tághi rapa'' "he is about to go", ''máwsan tághi rapó'' "he is not about to go"
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| ======Near Future in Past======
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| *Past equivalent of the above.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of ''rapi'' "to want" - e.g. ''us tághi rapi'' "he was going to go", ''máwsan tághi rapín'' "he was not going to go"
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| ======Distant Future======
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| *Used for action in the future that is more distant or less certain. For example, something in the distant future or that you will eventually do but are procrastinating.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive + Present tense of ''dooni'' "to seek" - e.g. ''us tághi doona'' "he will go (eventually)", ''máwsan tághi doonó'' "he will not go"
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| ======Distant Future in Past======
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| *Past equivalent of the above.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of ''dooni'' "to seek" - e.g. ''us tághi dooni'' "he was going to go", ''máwsan tághi doonín'' "he was not going to go"
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| ======Conditional======
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| *Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of ''leh'' "having/owning" - e.g. ''us tághi lahaay'' "he would go", ''máwsan tághi lahaáyn'' "he would not go"
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| ======Present Habitual======
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| *Used for habitual actions in the present. For dynamic verbs this is similar in meaning to the simple present, but places emphasis on the repeated nature of the action.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive + Present tense of ''jiri'' "to exist" - e.g. ''us tághi jira'' "he goes regularly", ''máwsan tághi jiró'' "he does not go regularly"
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| ======Past Habitual======
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| *Used for habitual actions in the past. In the subjunctive, it can also mean a single action in the distant past.
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| *Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of ''jiri'' "to exist" - e.g. ''us tághi jiri'' "he used to go", ''máwsan tághi jirín'' "he did not used to go", ''goórtíi us tághi jirí'' "back when he used to go" or "back when he went"
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| ======Other Compound Forms======
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| *''kari'' "to be able" (present, past) → "to be able to" - e.g. ''us tághi kara'' "he can go"
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| *''waayi'' "to not find" (present, past) → "to fail to" - e.g. ''us tághi waayi'' "he failed to go"
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| **In the simple present indicative, it indicates habituality (i.e. "regularly fails to").
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| **In the subjunctive, it can be used instead of the simple negative subjunctive. e.g. ''hadíi us tághi waayó'' "if he does not go", ''ninki tághi waayí'' "the man who did not go"
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| *<i>la'</i> "to lack" (present) → "to fail to" - e.g. <i>us tághi la'yaha</i> "he is failing to go"
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| **This is used for an ongoing action (i.e. "is failing to").
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| *''qapi'' "to have" (present, past) → "to have to" - e.g. ''us tághi qapa'' "he has to go"
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| *''gaari'' "to reach" (past) → "to almost" - e.g. ''us tághi gaari'' "he almost went"
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |