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Hadda: Difference between revisions
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====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X") - e.g. ''nutaslaʃiŋafahwayiyiɓɓan'' (<small>1S.NOM.2S.INS.PAS.INCH.CAUS.3S.ABS.CESS.INTEN.</small>throw<small>.PST.IND</small>) "I started to be caused by you to stop habitually throwing it intensely". | Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X") - e.g. ''nutaslaʃiŋafahwayiyiɓɓan'' (<small>1S.NOM.2S.INS.PAS.INCH.CAUS.3S.ABS.CESS.INTEN.</small>throw<small>.PST.HAB.IND</small>) "I started to be caused by you to stop habitually throwing it intensely". | ||
*Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown" | *Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown" | ||
**Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental. | **Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental. | ||