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Kola: Difference between revisions
→Noun classes
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|+ Noun classes | |+ Noun classes | ||
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! rowspan="2" | Class !! rowspan="2" | Noun prefix !! colspan="5" | Concord prefixes<small><sup>1</sup></small> || rowspan="2" | Typical meaning(s) | ! rowspan="2" | Class !! rowspan="2" | Noun prefix !! colspan="5" | Concord prefixes<small><sup>1</sup></small> || rowspan="2" | Typical meaning(s)<small><sup>2</sup></small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! pronominal !! extended <br /> pronominal !! subject !! object !! adjective | ! pronominal !! extended <br /> pronominal !! subject !! object !! adjective | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| mï-; - || yï- || ye- || ya- || mï- || mï- || Humans, kinship terms, personification, animate | | mï-; - || yï- || ye- || ya- || mï- || mï- || Humans*, kinship terms, personification*, animate* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| mï- || wï- || wo- || colspan="2" | wu- || mï- || Plants (and derivatives), natural phenomena, <!--elongated objects, active things, motion, -->non-paired body parts, various | | mï- || wï- || wo- || colspan="2" | wu- || mï- || Plants (and derivatives)*, natural phenomena, <!--elongated objects, active things, motion, -->non-paired body parts, various | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| zï-; - || lï- || lo- || colspan="2" | li- || zï- || Augmentatives, paired body parts, natural phenomena, expanses, individual things found in groups | | zï-; - || lï- || lo- || colspan="2" | li- || zï- || Augmentatives*, amelioratives*, paired body parts, natural phenomena, expanses, individual things found in groups, various | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| jï- || shï- || sho- || colspan="2" | shi- || jï- || Tools/artefacts, diminutives, languages, resemblance, amelioratives, derogatives, disabilities/diseases, various | | jï- || shï- || sho- || colspan="2" | shi- || jï- || Tools/artefacts, diminutives*, languages*, resemblance, amelioratives*, derogatives*, disabilities/diseases, various | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| ⁿ-; -<small><sup> | | ⁿ-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || yï- || yo- || colspan="2" | yi- || ⁿ- || Animals, inanimate, loanwords*, various | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| lï- || lï- || lo- || colspan="2" | lu- || lï- || Abstract, manner/way/culture, localized mass nouns, long or broad objects | | lï- || lï- || lo- || colspan="2" | lu- || lï- || Abstract, manner/way/culture*, localized mass nouns, long or broad objects | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| gä- || gä- || go- || colspan="2" | ga- || gä- || Diminutives, derogatives, amelioratives | | gä- || gä- || go- || colspan="2" | ga- || gä- || Diminutives*, derogatives*, amelioratives* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| wï- || wï- || wo- || colspan="2" | wu- || wï- || Abstract, countries/lands, location terms | | wï- || wï- || wo- || colspan="2" | wu- || wï- || Abstract*, countries/lands*, location terms* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 15 | ! 15 | ||
| g(w/ï)-<small><sup> | | g(w/ï)-<small><sup>4</sup></small> || g(w/ï)- || go- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Infinitives | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| bä- || bä- || bo- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Specific/definite/internal location, "at/on/in", "against", "to the detriment of" | | bä- || bä- || bo- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Specific/definite/internal location*, "at/on/in"*, "against"*, "to the detriment of"* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| g(w/ï)- || g(w/ï)- || go- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Nonspecific/approximate location, direction, "for | | g(w/ï)- || g(w/ï)- || go- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Nonspecific/approximate location*, direction*, "for/to"*, "to the benefit of"* | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
! 18 | ! 18 | ||
| mï- || mï- || mo- || colspan="2" | mu- || mï- || Internal location, "in" | | mï- || mï- || mo- || colspan="2" | mu- || mï- || Internal location*, "in"* | ||
|- | |- | ||
--> | --> | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
<small><sup>1</sup></small> Subject and object concords are used for the subject and object of a verb respectively, and adjective concords are used with adjectives. Most other words use pronominal concords. The extended pronominal concords are used to form pronouns (see [[Kola#Pronouns|pronouns]]). | <small><sup>1</sup></small> Subject and object concords are used for the subject and object of a verb respectively, and adjective concords are used with adjectives. Most other words use pronominal concords. The extended pronominal concords are used to form pronouns (see [[Kola#Pronouns|pronouns]]). | ||
These concord prefixes are considered formal and old-fashioned, and are normally replaced with animacy-based concords. Words agreeing with animate nouns use classes 1/2, while those agreeing with inanimate nouns use classes 5/6, 9/10 (used by this article), or some combination (most commonly 9/6). When a modifier is used with a noun, the concord prefix can optionally be omitted. With verbs, class 16 and 17 prefixes are used even in informal language; others are replaced with animacy concords. | These concord prefixes are considered formal and old-fashioned, and are normally replaced with animacy-based concords. Words agreeing with animate nouns use classes 1/2, while those agreeing with inanimate nouns use classes 5/6, 9/10 (used by this article), or some combination (most commonly 9/6). When a modifier is used with a noun, the concord prefix can optionally be omitted. With verbs, class 16 and 17 prefixes are used even in informal language; others are replaced with animacy concords. | ||
The locative classes (classes 16 and 17) most often behave as prepositions. Their concord prefixes are used with verbs; otherwise, the prefix appears at the beginning of the noun phrase. However, there are some nouns inherently in these classes; these behave as nouns in any other class - e.g. በት ''bätt'' "place", ግት ''gïtt'' "area". | |||
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Productive meanings are marked with an asterisk. | |||
<small><sup> | <small><sup>3</sup></small> ⁿ- = initial fortition | ||
<small><sup> | <small><sup>4</sup></small> (w/ï) = -w- added before vowels | ||
<small><sup> | <small><sup>5</sup></small> Inanimate nouns (especially those whose plural form is identical to their singular) can form an alternative plural by adding the class 6 prefix ''mä-'' to either their singular or plural. Similarly, animate nouns (especially those not already in class 1) can add the class 2 prefix ''wä-''. | ||
:e.g. class 3 ምጢ ''mïthi'' "tree" (stem: ''-thi'') → class 4 ምጢ ''mïthi'' or class 6 መምጢ ''mämthi'' "trees" | :e.g. class 3 ምጢ ''mïthi'' "tree" (stem: ''-thi'') → class 4 ምጢ ''mïthi'' or class 6 መምጢ ''mämthi'' "trees" | ||
::class 5 ዚጨ ''zichä'' "eye" (stem: ''-ichä'') → class 6 ሜጨ ''mechä'' or መሜጨ ''mämechä'' / መዚጨ ''mäzichä'' "eyes" | ::class 5 ዚጨ ''zichä'' "eye" (stem: ''-ichä'') → class 6 ሜጨ ''mechä'' or መሜጨ ''mämechä'' / መዚጨ ''mäzichä'' "eyes" | ||
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Younger speakers tend to add the prefixes to the noun's singular form, while older speakers add them to the plural forms or don't add them at all. | Younger speakers tend to add the prefixes to the noun's singular form, while older speakers add them to the plural forms or don't add them at all. | ||
<small><sup> | <small><sup>6</sup></small> Diminutive and augmentative prefixes may be added before the prefix of the base noun or directly to the stem. Locative prefixes are always added to the beginning of the noun phrase before any other prefixes and/or modifiers. | ||
:e.g. ''gä-'' + ''zichä'' → ጌጨ ''gechä'' or ገዚጨ ''gäzichä'' "little eye" | :e.g. ''gä-'' + ''zichä'' → ጌጨ ''gechä'' or ገዚጨ ''gäzichä'' "little eye" | ||
::''bä-'' + ''zichä'' → በዚጨ ''bäzichä'' (NOT *ቤጨ ''bechä'') "in (an) eye" | ::''bä-'' + ''zichä'' → በዚጨ ''bäzichä'' (NOT *ቤጨ ''bechä'') "in (an) eye" | ||