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Chlouvānem/Phonology: Difference between revisions
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| {{IPA|ʋ}} || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|ʀ ɴ̆}} | | {{IPA|ʋ}} || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|ʀ ɴ̆}} | ||
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The above table categorizes phonemes as Chlouvānem linguists do. The terms used are the following ones: | |||
* ''hīmbeyāṃsa'' – consonant | |||
By passive point of articulation: | |||
* ''hærṣokas'' – (bi)labial consonant | |||
* ''aṣṭrūkas'' — dental consonant (note that Chl. {{IPA|/n s/}} are actually alveolar) | |||
* ''āḍhyāṣūkas'' — retroflex consonant | |||
* ''dehāṃlūdvūkas'' – palatal consonant | |||
* ''bhyodilūdvūkas'' — velar consonant | |||
* ''diṇḍhūkas'' — laryngeal consonant ({{IPA|/Ɂ ɦ/}} are glottal, {{IPA|/ʀ ɴ ɴ̆/}} uvular, and {{IPA|ʡ ħ}} pharyngeal) | |||
Active points of articulation: | |||
* ''diṇḍha'' — larynx, throat (for laryngeal consonants) | |||
* ''jeltālǣca'' — tongue root (for velars) | |||
* ''jeltārašan'' — tongue surface (for palatals plus {{IPA|/n s/}}) | |||
* ''jeltāthiḍa'' — tongue tip (for dentals and retroflexes; note that the latter are actually subapical) | |||
* ''šuhærṣūlaukas'' — lower lip (for labials) | |||
By manner: | |||
* ''uṣmąlkas'' — voiceless consonant | |||
* ''lāmąlkas'' — voiced consonant | |||
* ''mantajñas'' — nasal consonant | |||
* ''aspṛšās'' — stop consonant | |||
* ''kāvubuñjñās'' — fricative | |||
* ''taberdīyas'' — approximant | |||
===Nasals=== | ===Nasals=== | ||
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: ''yaivcārṇædani'' "communism" {{IPA|/jäɪ̯ʋc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni/}} – Std. {{IPA|[jäɪ̯vc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni]}}, Līl., Ilē. {{IPA|[jɐjuc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdɐni]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[jäɪ̯fc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni]}} | : ''yaivcārṇædani'' "communism" {{IPA|/jäɪ̯ʋc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni/}} – Std. {{IPA|[jäɪ̯vc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni]}}, Līl., Ilē. {{IPA|[jɐjuc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdɐni]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[jäɪ̯fc͡ɕäːʀɳɛdäni]}} | ||
: ''yalka'' "beach" {{IPA|/jänkä~jäɴkä~jäɴ̆kä/}} – Std., Hiy., Cam. {{IPA|[jäŋkä]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[jɐɴqɐ]}} | : ''yalka'' "beach" {{IPA|/jänkä~jäɴkä~jäɴ̆kä/}} – Std., Hiy., Cam. {{IPA|[jäŋkä]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[jɐɴqɐ]}} | ||
===/ʀ/ and /ɴ̆/=== | |||
{{IPA|/ʀ/}} is mostly realized as an uvular trill {{IPA|[ʀ]}} in the onset, except when following a stop consonant, where it is realized as {{IPA|[ʁ]}}: this is valid for virtually every pronunciation. In coda, it is generally vocalized to a non-syllabic {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}}; in the standard and most pronunciations, this is the only main variation. Before retroflex consonants, it is generally pronounced as {{IPA|[ɻ]}} in the Jade Coast and in the whole Plain except for Tališulkhāna in the far southwest, but not elsewhere. In the Jade Coast and in the Nīmbaṇḍhāra Delta, when preceding a voiceless stop it instead becomes pharyngealization of the preceding vowel.<br/>A coda realization as {{IPA|[ʀ]}}, finally, is predominant in the West. | |||
: ''rarai'' "rabbit" {{IPA|/ʀäʀäɪ̯/}} – Std., Cam. {{IPA|/ʀäʀäɪ̯/}}, Līl. {{IPA|/ʀɐʀæɪ̯/}} | |||
: ''ṣvarṭire'' "it is quick" {{IPA|/ʂʋäʀʈiʀe/}} — Std. {{IPA|[ʂʋäɐ̯ʈiʀe]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[ʂʋɐɻʈiʀe]}}, Hiy. {{IPA|[ʃʋäɻʈiʀe/}}, Cam. {{IPA|/ʂväɐ̯ʈiʀe/}}, Nyk. {{IPA|[ʂʋäʀʈiʀe]}} | |||
: ''kārmāsa'' "tower" {{IPA|/käːʀmäːsä/}} — Std., Cam. {{IPA|[käːɐ̯mäːsä]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[käːɐ̯mäːsɐ]}}, Nyk. {{IPA|[käːʀmäːsä]}} | |||
: ''murkas'' "black" {{IPA|/muʀkas/}} – Std. {{IPA|[muɐ̯käs]}}, Līl. {{IPA|[muˤkɐs]}}, Cam. {{IPA|[mo̝ɐ̯kas]}}, Nyk. {{IPA|[muʀkäs]}} | |||
{{IPA|/ɴ̆/}} is the second most common consonant in Chlouvānem (after {{IPA|/m/}} and is considered its most representative sound as it is not found in any other Calémerian language excluding its own descendants. It is conventionally described as a nasal uvular flap, though alternative transcriptions may be {{IPA|[ᴺɢ̆]}} (prenasalized uvular flap) or {{IPA|[ᴺʡ̆]}} (prenasalized epiglottal flap). Some linguists, noticing a distinct ingressive airstream, transcribe it as a nasal uvular implosive {{IPA|[ʛ̃]}}. This realization is consistent in virtually all Chlouvānem-speaking territories. | |||
* ''lili'' "I" {{IPA|/ɴ̆iɴ̆i/}} - Std., Līl., Klš., Cam. {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆i]}} | |||
==Phonotactics== | ==Phonotactics== | ||