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| |'''Word-final {{PIE|/m/}} > {{PIE|/n/}}''' — {{PIE|*tóm}} "that, acc. masc." > {{PIE|*þam}} > {{PIE|*þan}} "then"; {{PIE|*-om}} "a-stem acc. sg." > {{PIE|*-am}} > {{PIE|*-an}} > {{PIE|*-ą}} | | |'''*/ɵ/ > */ū/''' — *ð-a-ɔ-m-sats "in the perspective of moving towards" > *vanwɵsats > *vanūsats > ''falusats'' "hello (polite)" |
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| |'''{{PIE|/m/}} > {{PIE|/n/}} before dental consonants''' — {{PIE|*ḱm̥tóm}} "hundred" > {{PIE|*humdan}} > {{PIE|*hundan}} > {{PIE|*hundą}}; {{PIE|*déḱm̥d}} "ten" > {{PIE|*tehumt}} > {{PIE|*tehunt}} > {{PIE|*tehun}} | | |'''*/ɔ/ > */ō/''' — *ð-ɔ-a-m-sats "in the perspective of moving away" > *vɔnwasats > *vōnwasats > ''fōlvasats'' "goodbye (polite)" |
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| |'''Word-final {{PIE|/n/}} is lost''' after unstressed syllables, and the preceding vowel is nasalised — {{PIE|*-om}} "a-stem acc. sg." > {{PIE|*-am}} > {{PIE|*-an}} > {{PIE|*-ą}}; {{PIE|*-eh₂m}} > {{PIE|*-ān}} > {{PIE|*-ą̄}} > {{PIE|*-ǭ}}; {{PIE|*-oHom}} "genitive plural" > {{PIE|*-ân}} > {{PIE|*-ą̂}} > {{PIE|*-ǫ̂}} | | |'''Liquid''': in relatively unpredictable environments, the changes */n/ to */l/ and */l/ to */r/ occur, which may or may not occur in feeding order — *ɸmxala "time" > *pǯala > ''pzara''; *sinɔ-s "one" > ''silōs'' |
| | *It is expected that this sound change operated for at least a moderate span of time. |
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| |'''Nasal {{PIE|/ẽː/}} is lowered''' to {{PIE|/ɑ̃ː/}} — {{PIE|*dʰédʰeh₁m}} "I was putting" > {{PIE|*dedēn}} > {{PIE|*dedę̄}} > {{PIE|*dedą̄}} > {{PIE|*dedǭ}} | | |'''*/ǯ/ > /z/ [ʒ]''' — *čtɔb "the sun" > ǯtōm > ''ztōm'' "(decimal) point, dot" |
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| |'''Elimination of {{PIE|/ə/}}''':
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| * Unstressed {{PIE|/ə/}} is lost between consonants — {{PIE|*sámh₂dʰos}} "sand" > {{PIE|*samədaz}} > {{PIE|*samdaz}}; {{PIE|*takéh₁-}} "to be silent" > (with added suffix) {{PIE|*takəyónti}} "they are silent" > {{PIE|*þagəyanþi}} > {{PIE|*þagyanþi}} > {{PIE|*þagjanþi}} | |
| * {{PIE|/ə/}} > {{PIE|/ɑ/}} elsewhere — {{PIE|*ph₂tḗr}} "father" > {{PIE|*fədēr}} > {{PIE|*fadēr}}; {{PIE|*takéh₁-}} "to be silent" > (with added suffix) {{PIE|*takəyéti}} "(s)he is silent" > {{PIE|*þagəyiþi}} > {{PIE|*þagəiþi}} > {{PIE|*þagaiþi}}
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| |'''Loss of {{PIE|/t/}}''' after unstressed syllables — {{PIE|*déḱm̥d}} "ten" > {{PIE|*tehunt}} > {{PIE|*tehun}}; {{PIE|*bʰéroyd}} "(s)he would carry, subj." > {{PIE|*berayt}} > {{PIE|*berai}}; {{PIE|*mélid}} ~ {{PIE|*mélit-}} "honey" > {{PIE|*melit}} ~ {{PIE|*melid-}} > {{PIE|*meli}} ~ {{PIE|*melid-}} > {{PIE|*mili}} ~ {{PIE|*milid-}}
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| |'''{{PIE|/ɣʷ/}} > {{PIE|/w/}}''', sometimes {{PIE|/ɣ/}} — {{PIE|*snóygʷʰos}} "snow" > {{PIE|*snaygʷaz}} > {{PIE|*snaiwaz}}; {{PIE|*kʷekʷléh₂}} "wheels (collective)" > {{PIE|*hʷegʷlā}} > {{PIE|*hʷewlā}} > {{PIE|*hweulō}}
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| |'''[[i-mutation]]''': {{PIE|/e/}} > {{PIE|/i/}} when followed by {{PIE|/i/}} or {{PIE|/j/}} in the same or next syllable — {{PIE|*bʰéreti}} "(s)he is carrying" > {{PIE|*beridi}} > {{PIE|*biridi}}; {{PIE|*médʰyos}} "middle" > {{PIE|*medyaz}} > {{PIE|*midjaz}}; {{PIE|*néwios}} "new" > {{PIE|*newyaz}} > {{PIE|*niwjaz}}
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| *This eliminates the remaining {{PIE|/ei/}}, changing it to {{PIE|/iː/}} — {{PIE|*deywós}} "god" > {{PIE|*teywaz}} > {{PIE|*Tīwaz}} "[[Týr]]"; {{PIE|*tréyes}} "three" > {{PIE|*þreiz}} > {{PIE|*þrīz}}
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| |'''{{PIE|/e/}} > {{PIE|/i/}}''' when followed by a syllable-final nasal — {{PIE|*en}} "in" > {{PIE|*in}}; {{PIE|*séngʷʰeti}} "(s)he chants" > {{PIE|*sengʷidi}} > {{PIE|*singwidi}} "(s)he sings"
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| * This followed the earliest contact with Finnic people, since Finnish preserves the older vowel in the loanword ''rengas'' "ring" (from early Proto-Germanic ''*hrengaz'', later ''*hringaz'').
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| |'''Long a is raised''':
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| *{{PIE|/ɑː/}} > {{PIE|/ɔː/}} — {{PIE|*dʰóh₁mos}} "thing put" > {{PIE|*dāmaz}} > {{PIE|*dōmaz}} "judgement"; {{PIE|*swā́dus}} "sweet" > {{PIE|*swātuz}} > {{PIE|*swōtuz}}
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| *{{PIE|/ɑːː/}} > {{PIE|/ɔːː/}} — {{PIE|*séh₁mō}} "seeds" > {{PIE|*sēmâ}} > {{PIE|*sēmô}}; {{PIE|*-eh₂es}} "eh₂-stem nom. pl." > {{PIE|*-âz}} > {{PIE|*-ôz}}
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| *This followed the earliest contact with the Romans, since Latin Rōmānī was borrowed as *Rūmānīz and then shifted to *Rūmōnīz.
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| |'''{{PIE|/j/}} is lost between vowels''' except after {{PIE|/i/}} and {{PIE|/w/}} (but it is lost after syllabic {{PIE|/u/}}). The two vowels that come to stand in hiatus then contract to long vowels or diphthongs — {{PIE|*-oyh₁m̥}} "thematic optative 1sg sg." > {{PIE|*-oyum}} > {{PIE|*-ayų}} > {{PIE|*-aų}}; {{PIE|*áyeri}} "in the morning" > {{PIE|*ayiri}} > {{PIE|*airi}} "early"
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| *This process creates a new {{PIE|/ɑː/}} from earlier {{PIE|/ɑjɑ/}} - {{PIE|*steh₂-}} "to stand" > (with suffix added) {{PIE|*sth₂yónti}} "they stand" > {{PIE|*stayanþi}} > {{PIE|*stānþi}}
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| |'''{{PIE|/n/}} is lost before {{PIE|/x/}}''', causing [[compensatory lengthening]] and nasalisation of the preceding vowel — {{PIE|*ḱónketi}} "(s)he hangs" > {{PIE|*hanhidi}} (phonetically {{PIE|[ˈxɑ̃ːxiði]}})
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