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Bis Burunko: Difference between revisions
→Pronouns
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal==== | ====Personal==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! !! colspan="2;" | Standard !! Colspan="2;" | Emphatic | |||
|- | |- | ||
! width="100;" | !! width="100;" | Singular !! width="100;" | Plural | ! width="100;" | !! width="100;" | Singular !! width="100;" | Plural !! width="100;" | Singular !! width="100;" | Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| ''ni'' || ''bi'' (excl.) <br> ''bu'' (incl.) | | ''ni'' || ''bi'' (excl.) <br> ''bu'' (incl.) || ''nibez'' || ''bibez'' (excl.) <br> ''bubez'' (incl.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
| ''chi'' || ''fu'' | | ''chi'' || ''fu'' || ''chibez'' || ''fubez'' | ||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''yeka'' || colspan="2;" | ''yekabez'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
Personal pronouns only truly exist for the 1st and 2nd persons, the 3rd person pronouns being demonstratives. | |||
There is also an '''indefinite''' pronoun ''yeka'', often used as a formal 1st singular. | |||
Note that the 1st person plural has both exclusive ''bi'' 'us (but not you)' and inclusive ''bu'' 'us all'. | Note that the 1st person plural has both exclusive ''bi'' 'us (but not you)' and inclusive ''bu'' 'us all'. | ||
No distinctions of case are made, the pronouns being followed by the case particles like nouns. | No distinctions of case are made, the pronouns being followed by the case particles like nouns. To form possessive pronouns, the forms are followed by the possessive particle ''na'' (when referring to alienable possession) or the genitive particle ''le'' (when inalienable), e.g. ''ni na hato'' 'my knife' but ''ni le ata'' 'my father'. | ||
'''Emphatic''' forms of the personal pronouns are created with the suffix ''- | '''Emphatic''' forms of the personal pronouns are created with the suffix ''-bez'', i.e. ''nibez, chibez, bibez, bubez, fubez, yekabez''. These function as both emphatic pronouns, drawing particular attention to the person, and reflexive pronouns. | ||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="100px;" rowspan="2;" | !! | ! width="100px;" rowspan="2;"| !! width="100px;" rowspan="2;" | Interrogative !! colspan="3;" | Indefinite | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="100px;" | 'any, no' !! width="100px;" | 'every' !! width="100px;" | 'some' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Inan. | ! Inan. | ||
| '' | | ''nohez'' <br> 'what' || ''inohez'' || ''auhez'' || ''heddo'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Masc. | ! Masc. | ||
| ''nogyong'' || ''inogyong'' || ''augyong'' || ''gyondo'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Fem. | ! Fem. | ||
| ''nodeme'' || ''inodeme'' || ''audeme'' || ''demedo'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid. | ! Mid. | ||
| '' | | ''nosha'' || ''inosha'' || ''awasha'' || ''ashado'' | ||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| ''nosuki'' <br> 'where' || ''inosuki'' || || | |||
|- | |||
! Manner | |||
| ''nobide'' <br> 'how' || ''inobide'' || || | |||
|- | |||
! Time | |||
| ''nobeng'' <br> 'when' || ''inobeng'' || || | |||
|- | |||
! Cause | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||