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→‎Verbs

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 ===Verbs===
-====Roots and Stems====
+Most Burunko verbs are composed of two elements: a '''main verb''', which contains the semantic information, and an '''auxiliary verb''', which encodes tense, mood and aspectual information. Combining the two creates the following classes:
-Burunko has so-called '''primary''' and '''secondary''' verbs.
-Primary verbs are composed of a root, usually mono- or disyllabic, which carries meaning but cannot occur alone (here roots are written in capitals to show that they are not words in their own right), e.g. ''ZUKI'' 'touch', ''AZ'' 'take', ''KASH'' 'learn'. Such roots are essentially a closed class. In some instances, a single root may be both nominal and verbal, so ''DANG'' 'to drink' and ''dang'' 'a drink'. The most basic form of a functional verb is the stem, composed of the root with the verbalising prefix ''E-'', which is realised as ''i-'' before a high vowel (''i, u'') in the next syllable, as ''y-'' before vowels and as ''e-'' elsewhere, .e.g. ''izuki'', ''yaz'', ''ekash''.
+* Aspect: aorist, imperfective or perfective
+* Tense: present or past
+* Mood: indicative, hypothetical or imperative
+* Valency: intransitive, transitive, causative, applicative
-Secondary verbs are derived from primary verbs by affixation or compounding. The primary affixed forms are:
+====Main Verbs====
-* the '''causative''', formed with the prefix ''eda-'', which replaces the verbaliser ''E-'', e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach'
+Main verbs can be divided into several categories: '''primary''', '''secondary''' and '''compound'''. At the heart of all verbs is a mono- or disyllabic root, which carries the main meaning but cannot occur alone. Here roots are written in capitals to show that they are not words in their own right, e.g. ''ZUKI'' 'touch', ''AZ'' 'take', ''KASH'' 'learn'. Such roots are essentially a closed class. In some instances, a single root may be both nominal and verbal, so ''DANG'' 'to drink' and ''dang'' 'a drink'.
-* the '''applicative''', formed with the suffix ''-ki'', e.g. ''edakaiki'' 'teach someone', ''edanki'' 'drink to, toast'.
+Primary verbs are composed of the root with the verbalising prefix ''E-'', realised as ''i-'' before a high vowel (''i, u'') in the next syllable, as ''y-'' before vowels and as ''e-'' elsewhere, .e.g. ''izuki'', ''yaz'', ''ekash''. This is the minimal form a verb can take in use.
+Secondary verbs are derived from primary verbs by affixation and are also a closed class. The main affixes used to create secondary verbs are:
+* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').
+* The '''pejorative''' infix ''-na-'', which takes the same position as ''-da-'' and perversity, ill intent or action resulting in unfortunate circumstances, e.g. ''enakash'' 'mislearn, learn wrongly', ''enadang'' 'drink heavily, get drunk'. When used with the causative, it becomes ''-dan-'', e.g. ''edankash'' 'teach wrongly'.
+* The '''applicative''' suffix ''-ki'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb,, e.g. ''edakaiki'' 'teach someone', ''edapuiki'' 'show someone'.
+A '''reduplicated''' root may also be used to create a frequentative, denoting repeated or intensive action, e.g. ''yedede'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite', ''ebaba'' 'babble, chatter' < ''BA'' 'speak'.
+Compound verbs are derived from a primary or secondary verb by prefixing the verb stem with another part of speech. The initial element may be:
+* a '''noun''' denoting the direct object of the verb, e.g. ''xemmang'' 'to name' < ''xeng'' 'name' + ''MANG'' 'give', ''loging'' 'to sleep' < ''lo'' 'sleep' + ''GING'' 'do'. These verbs may take a new object, e.g. ''...''
+* an '''adjective''', denoting various senses of being or becoming a state, or to denote the subject's feelings or opinion, e.g. ''futtoz'' 'turn white' < ''fuz'' 'white' + ''TOZ'' 'come', ''ongushi'' 'like, approve of' < ''ong'' 'good' and ''USHI'' 'consider'.
+* an '''adverb''' denoting the method, direction or means of doing the action, e.g. ''fimiroz'' 'move quickly' < ''fimiro'' 'quickly' + ''OZ'' 'move'; ''yommikei'' 'kick' < ''yommi'' 'with the foot' + ''KEI'' 'strike, hit'.
 ====Tense, Aspect and Mood====