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Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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==== Verbs ==== | ==== Verbs ==== | ||
Verbs in Nankôre, as in many other languages, can perform operations to alter the argument structure of a clause. Agents and Patients may be demoted from their core status, Patients may be promoted to a derived Subject, and Obliques may be promoted to a | Verbs in Nankôre, as in many other languages, can perform valence operations to alter the argument structure of a clause. Agents and Patients may be demoted from their core status, Patients may be promoted to a derived Subject, and Obliques may be promoted to a derived Patient role. Nankôre has a several auxiliary verbs that perform passivation, antipassivation, and applicativization. In a language that has virtually no adpositions or case markings on the NPs, valence operations conducted by these auxiliary verbs, particularly the applicative auxiliaries, are exploited to encode spatial or directional information that case affixes or adpositions perform in other languages. The animacy system interacts with these auxiliary verbs, called ''valence auxiliaries'' in the linguistic literature of Nankôre. | ||
As an example, the auxiliary ''kohán'' passivizes the clause, resulting in a one-argument clause containing only the logical Patient. Since there is only one core argument, the need for inverse marking no longer exists, and in fact the presence of both the passive auxiliary ''kohán'' and the inverse marker ''tā/tāh''' in the same sentence is ungrammatical. The same is true for the antipassive auxilliary ''norhe''/''norhâ'', that is the logical Patient is deleted leaving only the agent, and so once again, the presence of the inverse ''tā/tāh'' is ungrammatical. When either the Agent or the Patient has been deleted by the passive or antipassive auxiliaries, one thing that must be noted is that the demoted arguments are fully deleted. In other languages that have passives and/or antipassives, demoted core arguments need not be deleted, in fact in many languages the demoted argument may still be retained in the sentence, but this time as an oblique argument. Such is not the case in Nankôre; the former core argument cannot appear in the sentence. | As an example, the auxiliary ''kohán'' passivizes the clause, resulting in a one-argument clause containing only the logical Patient. Since there is only one core argument, the need for inverse marking no longer exists, and in fact the presence of both the passive auxiliary ''kohán'' and the inverse marker ''tā/tāh''' in the same sentence is ungrammatical. The same is true for the antipassive auxilliary ''norhe''/''norhâ'', that is the logical Patient is deleted leaving only the agent, and so once again, the presence of the inverse ''tā/tāh'' is ungrammatical. When either the Agent or the Patient has been deleted by the passive or antipassive auxiliaries, one thing that must be noted is that the demoted arguments are fully deleted. In other languages that have passives and/or antipassives, demoted core arguments need not be deleted, in fact in many languages the demoted argument may still be retained in the sentence, but this time as an oblique argument. Such is not the case in Nankôre; the former core argument cannot appear in the sentence. | ||
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These auxiliaries are often confused for adpositions, or | These auxiliaries are often confused for adpositions, or relational nouns, but unlike adpositions and locative nouns, these auxiliaries are full-fledged verbs. If inverse marking is required, the prefix ''tā/tāh'' is still prefixed to the auxiliary verb. Likewise, aspect and modality markers are attached to the auxiliary, a process that occurs only with verbs in the language, never with nouns. | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||