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Daùnare: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
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==Phonology==
===Vowels===
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
====Diphthongs====
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
====Iotified vowels====
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
====Labialised vowels====
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation


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===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


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====Intonation====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
==Orthography==
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
==Morphophonology==
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology of verbs===
==Morphology==
====Voice apophony====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Theme vowel
! Grade 0<br />&#8709;
! Grade 1<br />{{sc|anti}}
! Grade 2<br />{{sc|mid}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | a
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | e
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | o
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ō
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oı
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aù
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eù
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ą
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ę
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ǫ
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ă
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ĕ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oȧ
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | æ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | o
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ǣ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ō
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā
|-
| rowspan="5" | o
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | o
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | e
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | u
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ō
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oȧ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eȧ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uȧ
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uı
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ǫ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ę
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ų
|-
| rowspan="7" | e
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | e
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | u
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eȧ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uȧ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ō
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eù
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ǫ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aù
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aı
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ĕ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ă
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ę
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ų
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ą
|-
| rowspan="5" | u
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | u
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | i
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | e
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ī
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uȧ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | iȧ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eȧ
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ĭ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eı
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ų
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | iù
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ę
|-
| rowspan="5" | i
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | i
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | u
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ī
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | iȧ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ą
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uȧ
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | iù
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aù
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ų
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ĭ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ă
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uı
|}
====Thematic anaptyxis====
===Morphophonology of nouns===
====Class-dependent anaptyxis====
====Methelcystic ''t'' and the definite clitic====
 
==Derivational morphology==
===Derivational noun class===
===Noun compounding===
===Affix derivation of nouns===
====Ciscategorical====
====Transcategorical====
===Affix derivation of verbs===
====Ciscategorical====
====Transcategorical====
===Affix derivation of adjectives (and adverbs)===
====Ciscategorical====
====Transcategorical====
 
==Inflectional morphology==
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
====Aspect====
The "default" (unmarked) aspect of the present and future tenses is the gnomic or simple aspect (by convention, the nomenclature is ''gnomic present'' but ''future simple''). A progressive aspect can be expressed through the regular suffix ⟨-ta⟩ affixed to the base declension of both tenses, and a perfect aspect only in the future tense through the suffixes ⟨-bi⟩ (first person), ⟨-si⟩ (second person) and ⟨-ni⟩ (third person).
 
The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (''preterite'' or simple past, ''imperfect'' or progressive past, and ''habitual [past]'') has its own set of person-number inflections.
 
Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb ([[#Thematic anaptyxis|&rarr;thematic anaptyxis]]). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the declensional suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of ''double thematic anaptyxis''.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection table
|- style="text-align:left;"
!
! {{sc|1sg}}<br />
! {{sc|1dl}}
! {{sc|1pl}}
! {{sc|2sg.infor}}
! {{sc|2dl.infor}}
! {{sc|2pl.infor}}
! {{sc|3sg/3col/<br />2sg.for}}
! {{sc|3dl/<br />2dl.for}}
! {{sc|3pl/3sgv/<br />2pl.for}}
|-
! present
| -Vg
| -Vm
| -Vn
| -Vs
| -Vsi
| -Vsin
| -Vt
| -Vti
| -Vri
|-
! preterite
| -Vbo
| -Vbim
| -Vbin
| -Vtas
| -Vtis
| -Vtin
| -Vsat
| -Vsti
| -Vsri
|-
! imperfect
| -Vbota
| -Vbita
| -Vbitan
| -Vtasta
| -Vtista
| -Vtinta
| -Vtasat
| -Vtasti
| -Vtasri
|-
! habitual
| -Vbotag
| -Vbitam
| -Vtabin
| -Vtastas
| -Vtistas
| -Vtintan
| -Vsata
| -Vstita
| -Vtasir
|-
! future
| -Vgi
| -Vmi
| -Vni
| -Vsti
| -Vstir
| -Vstin
| -Vti
| -Vtir
| -Vnir
|}
 
===Adjectives and adverbs===
 
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


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===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Semantics==
===The verb ''tug''===
The Daùnare verb ⟨tug⟩ nominally means "to bring", but is capable of expressing a whole host of things for which English uses different verbs.
==== Intransitive ====
When used intransitively in '''primary voice''', it can be used with non-sentient/non-volitional arguments to mean "there is":
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | S
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Harnu
| tugut.
|-
| har-nu
| tug-u-t
|-
| way-{{sc|abst}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="2" | ''A way is brought.''
|-
| colspan="2" | &lsquo;There is a way.&rsquo;
|}
The same meaning ("there is") can be expressed with the '''middle voice''' for sentient/volitional arguments:
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | S
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distan
| tegut.
|-
| dis-t-an
| teg-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| {{sc|mid}}\bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="2" | ''A man brings (himself).''
|-
| colspan="2" | &lsquo;There is a man.&rsquo;
|}
Of course, this also works in conjunction with other tenses and aspects (for, e.g., "There used to be a man", "There will have been a way") &ndash; with the exception of the progressive aspect (which exists in the present and future tense).
==== (Mono)transitive ====
In (mono)transitive usage in the '''primary voice''', the verb usually does translate as "bring":
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| kunen
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| kun-en
| tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| dog-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="3" | ''A man brings a dog.''
|-
| colspan="3" | &lsquo;A man brings a dog.&rsquo;
|}
A peculiarity of this verb is that it is possible to use the '''middle voice''' form of the verb '''transitively''', i.e. with an ergative argument (which middle voice verbs usually do not take) functioning as recipient:
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| kunen
| tegut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| kun-en
| teg-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| dog-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| {{sc|mid}}\bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="3" | ''(To) a man a dog brings (itself).''
|-
| colspan="3" | &lsquo;A man gets a dog.&rsquo;
|}
==== Ditransitive ====
In ditransitive usage the verb can either be translated as "give" or "take" depending on whether the indirect object is dative or ablative:
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT)
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| kunen
| disnimi
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| kun-en
| dis=n=i-mi
| tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| dog-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| person={{sc|def}}=&#8709;-{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}}
| bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="4" | ''A man brings a dog to the woman.''
|-
| colspan="4" | &lsquo;A man gives the woman a dog.&rsquo;
|}
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(ABL)
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| kunen
| plastel
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| kun-en
| plas-t-el
| tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| dog-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| child-&#8709;-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abl}}
| bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="4" | ''A man brings a dog from a child.''
|-
| colspan="4" | &lsquo;A man takes a child's dog.&rsquo; / &lsquo;A man takes a dog from a child.&rsquo;
|}
==== Tritransitive ====
Both indirect objects can be present to express the idea of giving A to B having taken it from C:
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT)
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(ABL)
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| kunen
| disnimi
| plastel
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| kun-en
| dis=n=i-mi
| plas-t-el
| tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| dog-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| person={{sc|def}}=&#8709;-{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}}
| child-&#8709;-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abl}}
| bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="5" | ''A man brings a dog to the woman from a child.''
|-
| colspan="5" | &lsquo;A man gives the woman a child's dog.&rsquo; / &lsquo;A man gives the woman a dog taken from a child.&rsquo;
|}
==== Applicative ====
When used as a di- or tritransitive, the verb can be modified using the applicative prefix ⟨do-⟩ which promotes the dative to patient (and the secondary indirect object to primary). Unlike some verbs, the applicative prefix cannot be combined with the middle voice stem to produce a medioapplicative.
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| disnini
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| dis=n=i-ni
| do-tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| person={{sc|def}}=&#8709;-{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| {{sc|appl}}-bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="3" | ''A man "bebrings" the woman.''
|-
| colspan="3" | &lsquo;A man gives [something] to the woman.&rsquo;
|}
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT)
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| disnini
| plastem
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| dis=n=i-ni
| plas-t-em
| do-tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| person={{sc|def}}=&#8709;-{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| child-&#8709;-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}}
| {{sc|appl}}-bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="4" | ''A man "bebrings" the woman through the child.''
|-
| colspan="4" | &lsquo;A man gives [something] to the woman [taken] from the child.&rsquo;
|}
==== Diapplicative ====
As is the case with other tritransitive verbs, the diapplicative prefix ⟨ro-⟩ can be used to promote the secondary indirect object to patient instead. Relatively unusually, ⟨tug⟩ does not function as an intransitive verb with the applicative (or diapplicative). Like with the applicative, the diapplicative prefix cannot be combined with the middle stem to produce a mediodiapplicative.
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| disnini
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| dis=n=i-ni
| ro-tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| person={{sc|def}}=&#8709;-{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| {{sc|diappl}}-bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="3" | ''A man "disbrings" the woman.''
|-
| colspan="3" | &lsquo;A man takes [something] from the woman.&rsquo;
|}
:{| class="wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: #ffebad" | A
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT)
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V
|-
| Distas
| disnini
| plastem
| tugut.
|-
| dis-t-as
| dis=n=i-ni
| plas-t-em
| ro-tug-u-t
|-
| person-&#8709;-{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}}
| person={{sc|def}}=&#8709;-{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}}
| child-&#8709;-{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}}
| {{sc|diappl}}-bring-&#8709;-{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}}
|-
| colspan="4" | ''A man "disbrings" the woman through the child.''
|-
| colspan="4" | &lsquo;A man takes [something] from the woman [and gives it] to the child.&rsquo;
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
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