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==Vocabulary comparison==<!-- This section is linked from [[Gothic language]] --> | ==Vocabulary comparison==<!-- This section is linked from [[Gothic language]] --> | ||
Several of the terms in the table below have had [[semantic drift]]. For example, the form ''Sterben'' and other terms for ''die'' are [[cognates]] with the English word ''starve''. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a non-Germanic source (''ounce'' and its cognates from [[Latin]]). | Several of the terms in the table below have had [[semantic drift]]. For example, the form ''Sterben'' and other terms for ''die'' are [[cognates]] with the English word ''starve''. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a non-Germanic source (''ounce'' and its cognates from [[Latin]]). | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" | English | ||
! colspan="9" | Upper Minhast | |||
! colspan="2" | Western Minhast | |||
! Gullic | |||
! | ! colspan="3" | Lower Minhast | ||
! | ! Montaine | ||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli | ! Classical Minhast | ||
! Dūy min Kirmast (Salmon Speaker) | |||
! Hašlua min Kirmast (Wolf Speaker) | |||
! Dūy min Kirmast (Salmon Speaker) | |||
! Hašlua min Kirmast (Wolf Speaker) | |||
! Kaslub min Kirmast (Dog Speaker) | |||
! Nurrappam Kirmast (Bear Speaker) | |||
! Yattaxmin Kirmast (Fox Speaker) | |||
! Modern Standard Minhast | |||
! Naggikim Kirmast (Elk Speaker) | |||
! Hurkadim Kirmast (Seal Speaker) | |||
! Annea min Kirmast (Gull Speaker) | |||
! Neyūn min Kirmast (Osprey Speaker) | |||
! Šunnekim Kirmast (Egret Speaker) | |||
! City Speaker | |||
! Banakim Kirmast (Stone Speaker) | |||
|- | |||
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | |||
|- | |- | ||
| bear | | bear | ||
Line 851: | Line 857: | ||
| bjørn | | bjørn | ||
| bjørn | | bjørn | ||
| | | bear | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 23:46, 17 February 2018
Dialect Table
Superdialect | Dialect | Region/Prefecture/District | Distinguishing Features |
---|---|---|---|
Upper Minhast | Horse Speaker | Umbarak, Hayreb, Nanampuyyi, Wattare, Saxtam, Gannasia Prefectures; Kattek (Horse Speaker portion of NCR, approx 50%) |
Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -uyyi |
Salmon Speaker | Hittaħm, Iskamharat, Tuhattam, Perim-Sin, Gaššarat. Ruyāya Prefectures; Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker portion of NCR, approx 40%) |
Fossilized suffix -ūy preserved | |
Wolf Speaker | Ešked,Attum Attar, Tayyagur, Rakwar, Tabuk Prefectures | Fossilized suffix -ūy preserved | |
Dog Speaker | Hisašarum, Way, Išpa, Warat, Tabbakun, Neweyya, Uħpar, Nikwat, Salabūr, Tawāheb Prefectures | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -uyye | |
Bear Speaker | Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -uyya | |
Fox Speaker | Kardam, Eħħar Prefectures | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -uyye | |
Elk Speaker | Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -ūwe | |
Seal Speaker | Pinda, Rukpu Prefectures | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -ūwi | |
Lower Minhast | Gull Speaker | Kissamut, Tur'akkam, Senzil, Rēgum Prefectures; Bayburim, Taliwāz, Urgabal, Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies) |
Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -we, -ia |
Osprey Speaker | Uyyuš, Arinak, Naggiriyan, Nāz | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -ia | |
Egret Speaker | Nentue, Isku | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -ia | |
Stone Speaker | Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz | Fossilized suffix -ūy realized as -ia, -ie |
Nankore Vowel IPA Template
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
Minhast Vowel Template
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
Minhast Noun Table
Absolutive | Pre-clitic Form | Incorporated Form | Examples | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Class I | gal=Ø | gal= |
-gal- |
galde, galyār |
Class II | marua | marū= |
-mar- |
marūde, marūpar |
yarea | yarē= |
-yar- |
yarēde, yarēran | |
simmia | simmī= |
-simm- |
simmīde, simmīkan | |
Class III | asr | asr-, asre- |
-asr- |
asride, asrenī |
niss | niss-,nisse- |
-niss- |
nisside, nissekī |
Minhast Portmanteau Pronominal Affixes
Agent (Singular) | Patient (Singular) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd masc. sg. | 3rd fem. sg. | 3rd neut. anim sg. | 3rd neut. inanim. sg. | |
1st Sg. | ---- | -tak- | -(e)k- | -kk- | -k- | -tirk- |
2nd Sg | -ktah- | ---- | -tah- | -lettah- | -tah- | -tittah- |
3rd Masc. Sg | -knen- | -nten- | -nn-, -Ø- | -lenn- | -enn- | -tirenn- |
3rd Fem. Sg | -kl- | -tal- | -l- | -ll- | -l- | -till- |
3rd Neut. Anim. Sg | -k- | -t- | -Ø- | -Ø- | -s- | -t- |
3rd Neut. Inanim. Sg | -km- | -tam- | -m- | -mm- | -m- | -timm- |
Agent | Patient (Singular) | |||||
1st Pl. Incl. | ---- | ---- | -hak- | -hlak- | -k- | -tirhak- |
1st Pl. Excl. | ---- | -ntem- | -nn- | -lennem- | -ennem- | -tinnem- |
2nd Pl. | -aktahm- | ---- | -mt- | -lettem- | -ettem- | -tittem- |
3rd Pl. Common | -ekken- | -takken- | -nk- | -lekken- | -seššen- | -tikken- |
3rd Pl. Neut. Anim. | -aksen- | -tasn- | -sn- | -less- | -sess- | -tiss- |
3rd Pl. Neut. Inanim. | -akmah- | -tammah- | -mah- | -(a)mmah- | -mah- | -timmah- |
Minhast Portmanteau Pronominal Affixes #2
Person - Number - Gender | Independant Forms | Bound Forms | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ergative | Absolutive | Oblique | Stative | |
1st Sg. | yakte | yak | yak- | -ek |
2nd Sg. | tahte | taħ | tah-,taħ- | -taħ |
3rd Masculine - Common Sg. | kūde | kua | kū- | -na |
3rd Feminine Sg. | lēde- | lea | lē-, ley- | -lea |
3rd Neuter Animate Sg. | šemet | šea | šē-, šey- | -šea |
3rd Neuter Inanimate Sg. | mēde | mea | mē-,mey- | -mea |
Plural | ||||
1st Plural Inclusive | hakemt(e) | hak | hak- | -hakkem |
1st Pl Exclusive | nemt(e) | nem | nem- | -nem |
2nd Pl. | taħtemt(e) | taħtem | -taħtem | -taħtem- |
3rd Masc./Common Pl | kemt(e) | kem | kem- | -kem |
3rd Fem. Pl. | wext(e) | wexī, weššī | wex- | (n/a) |
3rd Neut. Anim. Pl. | sešt(e) | seš | sešš(i)- | -sseš |
3rd Neut. Inanim Pl. | maħt(e) | maħ | mah-, maħ- | -maħ |
Minhast Phonotactics Table
Minhast Phonotactics Table
Initial Consonant | Final Consonant | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f | p | b | k | x | g | t | d | s | š | z | l | r | m | n | h | w | y | |
f | ff | pp | pp | fk | fx | fk | ft | ft | fs | ff | fs | fl | fr | fm | fn | ff | fw | fy |
p | pp | pp | pp | pk | xp | pk | pt | pt | ps | ħp | ps | pl | pr | pm | pn | ħp | pw | py |
b | pp | pp | bb | pk | xp | mg | pt | mb | ps | ħp | ps | bl | br | mb | mb | ħp | bw | by |
k | kf | kp | kp | kk | kk | kk | kt | kt | ks | ħk | ks | kl | kr | km | kn | ħk | kw | ky |
x | xf | xp | xp | kk | xx | gg | xt | xt | ss | šš | ss | xl | xr | xm | xn | xx | xw | xy |
g | kf | kp | gb | kk | kk | gg | kt | gd | ks | ħk | zg | lg | gr | gm | gn | ħk | gw | gy |
t | ft | pt | pt | kt | xt | kt | tt | tt | st | št | st | tt | rt | mt | nt | ħt | wt | šš |
d | ft | pt | bb | kt | xt | gd | tt | dd | st | ħt | zd | ld | rd | mb | nd | ħt | dw | dy |
s | sp | sp | sp | sk | xs | sk | st | st | ss | šš | ss | sl | ss | sm | sn | ħs | sw | šš |
š | šf | šp | šp | šk | šš | šk | št | št | ss | šš | ss | šl | šš | šm | šn | ħš | šw | šš |
z | sp | sp | zb | sk | ss | zg | st | zd | ss | šš | zz | zl | zz | zm | zn | ħs | zw | zy |
l | lf | pp | lb | kk | xl | lg | tt | ld | sl | šl | zl | ll | rr | lm,mm | nn | ħl | lw | yy |
r | rf | rp | rb | rk | rx | rg | rt | rd, dd | rs, ss | rš, šš | zz | ll | rn, nn | rm, mm | nn | rħ, ħr | rw | ry |
m | mf | mp | mb | nk | xn | mg | mt | md | ns | šm | nz | ml | mr | mm | nn | mh | ww | my |
n | mf | mp | mb | nk | xn | mg, ng | nt | nd | ns, sn, ss | nš, šn, šš | nz | ll | rr | mm | nn | nh | nw | ny,yy |
h | ff | ħp | ħp | ħk | xx | ħk | ħt | ħt | ħs | ħš | ħs | ħl | ħr | ħm | ħn | ħħ | ħw | ħy |
Vocabulary comparison
Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form Sterben and other terms for die are cognates with the English word starve. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a non-Germanic source (ounce and its cognates from Latin).
English | Upper Minhast | Western Minhast | Gullic | Lower Minhast | Montaine | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classical Minhast | Dūy min Kirmast (Salmon Speaker) | Hašlua min Kirmast (Wolf Speaker) | Dūy min Kirmast (Salmon Speaker) | Hašlua min Kirmast (Wolf Speaker) | Kaslub min Kirmast (Dog Speaker) | Nurrappam Kirmast (Bear Speaker) | Yattaxmin Kirmast (Fox Speaker) | Modern Standard Minhast | Naggikim Kirmast (Elk Speaker) | Hurkadim Kirmast (Seal Speaker) | Annea min Kirmast (Gull Speaker) | Neyūn min Kirmast (Osprey Speaker) | Šunnekim Kirmast (Egret Speaker) | City Speaker | Banakim Kirmast (Stone Speaker) | |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
bear | beir | bear | beer | beer | bear | Baar | Bier | Bär | בער ber |
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 (Baira) | björn | bjørn | björn | bjørn | bjørn | bear |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |
apple | aiple | apel | appel | appel | appel | Appel | Apel | Apfel | עפּל (epl) |
𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aplus) |
epli | epli | äpple | æble | eple | eple |