Chlouvānem/Swadesh list: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:28, 3 March 2018

No.	English	Chlouvānem
1	I	lili
2	you (singular)	sāmi (informal) nani (formal superior) ravi (formal equal) kūri (formal inferior)^[1]
3	he	tami (also "she, it"; titles are more frequently used)
4	we	main
5	you (plural)	nani (informal, sometimes also formal for undefined groups) yavyāta (formal, undefined groups) yakaliyātam (formal, defined groups)
6	they	toman
7	this	nenė
8	that	nanā (medial: nunū)
9	here	ejulā
10	there	āñjulā (medial: uñjulā)
11	who	yavita?
12	what	yananū?
13	where	yajulā?
14	when	yamiya?
15	how	yalīce?
16	not	gu … ša
17	all	yaiva
18	many	taili
19	some	sora
20	few	ṣūbha
21	other	viṣam
22	one	emibe, emi
23	two	dani
24	three	pāmvi
25	four	nęlte
26	five	šulka
27	big	sūrṣake (sūrṣ-)
28	long	māhārake (māhār-)
29	wide	sådhake (sådh-)
30	thick	ḍirake (ḍir-^abl)
31	heavy	ūṭṇake (ūṭṇ-)
32	small	ñikake (ñik-)
33	short	chītake (chīt-^abl)
34	narrow	šumbrake (šumb-^{abl (u→i)})
35	thin	ṭaɂake (ṭaɂ-)
36	woman	hulin
37	man (adult male)	dralkam
38	man (human being)	lila
39	child	samin
40	wife	laleichim, honorific: ħaitlañši
41	husband	rūdakis, honorific: šulañšoe
42	mother	meinā, honorific: nāḍima
43	father	bunā, honorific: tāmvāram
44	animal	švas
45	fish	jivyām
46	bird	gūṇa
47	dog	thudam
48	louse	ṭaḍhūh
49	snake	māruḍa
50	worm	tūlum
51	tree	jñūm
52	forest	nanai
53	stick	daṇḍa
54	fruit	hælveh
55	seed	dūdha
56	leaf	nūlia
57	root	lǣca
58	bark (of a tree)	ṇīṭah
59	flower	juniā
60	grass	humai
61	rope	teipa
62	skin	ṇīṭah
63	meat	mædhram
64	blood	ūvṛṣam
65	bone	ḍulṭhīh
66	fat (noun)	ḍåtvam
67	egg	pomai
68	horn	ṭåmukim
69	tail	laiṭa
70	feather	mågneh
71	hair	pārye (pl)
72	head	lāṇṭam
73	ear	minnūlia; literary: mindṛṣūs
74	eye	mešīn; literary: mešīlgis, nāhim
75	nose	nālkum
76	mouth	dehām
77	tooth	aṣṭras
78	tongue (organ)	jeltā
79	fingernail	kaipė; literary: damītah, parṣūs
80	foot	junai
81	leg	pājya; literary: peithṛṣūs
82	knee	dækṣuh
83	hand	dhāna
84	wing	bhugrā
85	belly	pilėnas
86	guts	kāraṇḍhai (pl)
87	neck	avṛcah
88	back	joraṇa
89	breast	maula
90	heart	taugikā; togīn
91	liver	ṭarkas
92	to drink	mulke (mul-^abl)
93	to eat	yųlake (yųl-^abl)
94	to bite	švinake (švin-^abl)
95	to suck	mukke (mukk-^abl)
96	to spit	ette (et-)
97	to vomit	gåtnake (gåtn-)
98	to blow	ghūmake (ghūm-^abl)
99	to breathe	dīvake (dīv-^abl)
100	to laugh	huppake (hupp-^abl)
101	to see	mišake (miš-^abl)
102	to hear	milge (mind-)
103	to know	tṛlake (tṛl-^abl)
104	to think	nilyake (nily-^abl)
105	to smell	ṣurgake (ṣurg-^{abl (u→i)})
106	to fear	tvorgake (tvorg-)
107	to sleep	pugle (pugl-^abl)
108	to live	lilke (lil-^{ah; abl})
109	to die	ḍūkke (ḍuk-^{ah; abl})
110	to kill	kaudṛke (kau-dṛ-^abl) or causative forms of ḍūkke (ḍuk-^{ah; abl})
111	to fight	huṃħake (huṃħ-^{abl (u→i)})
112	to hunt	pumnake (pumn-^abl)
113	to hit	tulge (tug-^abl)
114	to cut	guṃsake (guṃs-^abl)
115	to split	cæšake (cæš-)
116	to stab	ikhlake (ikhl-^abl)
117	to scratch	prubake (prub-^abl+)
118	to dig	bleikke (bleik-)
119	to swim	monodir.: lįke (lih-^{abl; irr}^[2]); multidir.: lærṣake (lærṣ-)
120	to fly	monodir.: mugdhe (mudh-^abl); multidir.: mordhake (mordh-)
121	to walk	monodir.: lulke (lun-^{abl; irr}^[3]); multidir.: peithake (peith-^irr^[4])
122	to come	mū(g)- prefix before any motion verb (e.g. mūflulke, mūpeithake, mūglįke, mūglærṣake…)
123	to lie (as in a bed)	tokte (ta-ut-^{abl; irr}); root -ut- plus any positional prefix.
124	to sit	tamirte (ta-mirt-^irr); root -mirt- plus any positional prefix.
125	to stand	tatiāke (ta-tiā-^irr); root -tiā- plus any positional prefix.
126	to turn (intransitive)	aphake (aph-^irr); exterior forms are transitive, interior ones intransitive.
127	to fall	heṣṭvake (heṣṭv-)
128	to give	męlike (męlь-)
129	to hold	nænike (nænь-)
130	to squeeze	bæmnake (bæmn-)
131	to rub	lišvake (lišv-^abl)
132	to wash	mutake (mut-^{abl (u→i)})
133	to wipe	boglišvake (bog-lišv-^abl)
134	to pull	monodir.: khulike (khulь-^abl); multidir.: kharliake (kharlь-)
135	to push	norake (nor-)
136	to throw	kunake (kun-^abl)
137	to tie	chladyake (chlady-)
138	to sew	ħarṣṭake (ħarṣṭ-)
139	to count	niañake (niañ-)
140	to say	kulke (kul-^{abl (u→i)})
141	to sing	lijake (lij-^abl)
142	to play	ħulde (ħuld-^abl)^[5]
143	to float	in the air: monodir.: yaṃške (yaṃš-^{inv abl}); multidir.: īraške (īraš-); on water: monodir.: uṭake (uṭ-^abl); multidir.: arṭake (arṭ-)
144	to flow	buñjñake (buñjñ-^abl)
145	to freeze	tæñailūrake (tæ-ñailū:ra-)
146	to swell	lkurtake (lkurt-^abl)
147	sun	hånna
148	moon	huliā
149	star	ñaiṭa
150	water	maila
151	rain	daša
152	river	maita
153	lake	gėrisa
154	sea	jariā
155	salt	nanūkah
156	stone	tāmira
157	sand	chlebam
158	dust	paʔeh
159	earth	bhælā
160	cloud	vælvah
161	fog	yāmyah
162	sky	lairė
163	wind	prātas
164	snow	kaiṭas
165	ice	ñailūh
166	smoke	raikas
167	fire	javyāh (good); kūrokas (bad)
168	ash	måris (singular only)
169	to burn	jervyaike (jervyai-)
170	road	ūnima; līlta (especially unpaved)
171	mountain	ñariāh
172	red	ūnika (noun); ūnikake (ūnik-, verb)
173	green	mæchliė (noun); mæchlike (mæchlь-, verb)
174	yellow	pale yellow: yulta (noun); yultake (yult-, verb) golden yellow: chlirāma (noun); chlirāke (chlirā-, verb)
175	white	pāṇḍa (noun); pāṇḍake (pāṇḍ-, verb)
176	black	murka (noun); murkake (murk-, verb)
177	night	laliā
178	day	pārṇam
179	year	heirah
180	warm	sensation: jāmįrah (noun); jāmįrjānake (jān-, verb); to the touch: khæñcas (noun); khæñcajānake (jān-, verb)
181	cold	sensation: jålkha (noun); jålkhajānake (jān-, verb); to the touch: ṭhūrgas (noun); ṭhūrgajānake (jān-, verb)
182	full	smurake (smur-)
183	new	lališake (lališ-)
184	old	gęṇṭake (gęṇṭ-)
185	good	miąre
186	bad	garpake (garp-)
187	rotten	volgrake (volgr-)
188	dirty	sījhake (sījh-)
189	straight	svātrake (svātr-)
190	round	ñęrcake (ñęrc-)
191	sharp (as a knife)	thiḍausake {thiḍ-aus-)
192	dull (as a knife)	kuṇḍhake (kuṇḍh-)
193	smooth	ninnake (ninn-^abl)
194	wet	tarike (tarь-) (participles)
195	dry	būṃṣake (būṃṣ-)
196	correct	svātārṣake (svātārṣ-)
197	near	muhike (muhь-)
198	far	durḍhāvake (durḍhau-)
199	right	jlitimas
200	left	vyātimas
201	at	ta-, mū(g)-, šr- (verbal prefixes)
202	in	plain locative case; na(ñ)-, glь- (verbal prefixes)
203	with	lā (+ essive) (comitative); instrumental case (instrumental)
204	and	no (complete list; also between related sentences), lasь (incomplete list) sama (between sentences only)
205	if	hypothetical mood
206	because	tī; menni; consequential secondary moods
207	name	haloe

Notes

^ Given names with the appropriate titles are often used instead of these pronouns.
^ Behaves as lis- before consonants.
^ Suppletive; irregular present tense.
^ Suppletive.
^ "To play" for musical instruments is translated differently depending on the instrument: tulge for percussions, ghūmake for aerophones, prṣake for stringed instruments not played with a bow and keyboards, and lišvake for stringed instruments played with a bow. "To play a melody" is sumorake.

[1] Given names with the appropriate titles are often used instead of these pronouns.

[2] Behaves as lis- before consonants.

[3] Suppletive; irregular present tense.

[4] Suppletive.

[5] "To play" for musical instruments is translated differently depending on the instrument: tulge for percussions, ghūmake for aerophones, prṣake for stringed instruments not played with a bow and keyboards, and lišvake for stringed instruments played with a bow. "To play a melody" is sumorake.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 |wrd038=''lila''
 |wrd039=''samin''
-|wrd040=''laleichim'', <small>honorific:</small> ''faitlañši''
+|wrd040=''laleichim'', <small>honorific:</small> ''ħaitlañši''
 |wrd041=''rūdakis'', <small>honorific:</small> ''šulañšoe''
 |wrd042=''meinā'', <small>honorific:</small> ''nāḍima''
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 |wrd109=''ḍūkke'' (ḍuk-<sup>ah; abl</sup>)
 |wrd110=''kaudṛke'' (kau-dṛ-<sup>abl</sup>) or causative forms of ''ḍūkke'' (ḍuk-<sup>ah; abl</sup>)
-|wrd111=''humfake'' (humf-<sup>abl (u→i)</sup>)
+|wrd111=''huṃħake'' (huṃħ-<sup>abl (u→i)</sup>)
 |wrd112=''pumnake'' (pumn-<sup>abl</sup>)
 |wrd113=''tulge'' (tug-<sup>abl</sup>)
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 |wrd116=''ikhlake'' (ikhl-<sup>abl</sup>)
 |wrd117=''prubake'' (prub-<sup>abl+</sup>)
-|wrd118=''fleikke'' (fleik-)
+|wrd118=''bleikke'' (bleik-)
 |wrd119=<small>monodir.:</small> ''lįke'' (lih-<sup>abl; irr</sup><ref>Behaves as lis- before consonants.</ref>); <small>multidir.:</small> ''lærṣake'' (lærṣ-)
 |wrd120=<small>monodir.:</small> ''mugdhe'' (mudh-<sup>abl</sup>); <small>multidir.:</small> ''mordhake'' (mordh-)
-|wrd121=<small>monodir.:</small> ''flulke'' (flun-<sup>abl; irr</sup><ref>Suppletive; irregular present tense.</ref>); <small>multidir.:</small> ''peithake'' (peith-<sup>irr</sup><ref>Suppletive.</ref>)
+|wrd121=<small>monodir.:</small> ''lulke'' (lun-<sup>abl; irr</sup><ref>Suppletive; irregular present tense.</ref>); <small>multidir.:</small> ''peithake'' (peith-<sup>irr</sup><ref>Suppletive.</ref>)
 |wrd122=''mū(g)-'' prefix before any motion verb (e.g. ''mūflulke'', ''mūpeithake'', ''mūglįke'', ''mūglærṣake''…)
 |wrd123=''tokte'' (ta-ut-<sup>abl; irr</sup>); root ''-ut-'' plus any positional prefix.
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 |wrd136=''kunake'' (kun-<sup>abl</sup>)
 |wrd137=''chladyake'' (chlady-)
-|wrd138=''farṣṭake'' (farṣṭ-)
+|wrd138=''ħarṣṭake'' (ħarṣṭ-)
 |wrd139=''niañake'' (niañ-)
 |wrd140=''kulke'' (kul-<sup>abl (u→i)</sup>)
 |wrd141=''lijake'' (lij-<sup>abl</sup>)
-|wrd142=''fulde'' (fuld-<sup>abl</sup>)<ref>"To play" for musical instruments is translated differently depending on the instrument: ''tulge'' for percussions, ''ghūmake'' for aerophones, ''prṣake'' for stringed instruments not played with a bow and keyboards, and ''lišvake'' for stringed instruments played with a bow. "To play a melody" is ''sumorake''.</ref>
+|wrd142=''ħulde'' (ħuld-<sup>abl</sup>)<ref>"To play" for musical instruments is translated differently depending on the instrument: ''tulge'' for percussions, ''ghūmake'' for aerophones, ''prṣake'' for stringed instruments not played with a bow and keyboards, and ''lišvake'' for stringed instruments played with a bow. "To play a melody" is ''sumorake''.</ref>
 |wrd143=in the air: <small>monodir.:</small> ''yaṃške'' (yaṃš-<sup>inv abl</sup>); <small>multidir.:</small> ''īraške'' (īraš-);<br/> on water: <small>monodir.:</small> ''uṭake'' (uṭ-<sup>abl</sup>); <small>multidir.:</small> ''arṭake'' (arṭ-)
 |wrd144=''buñjñake'' (buñjñ-<sup>abl</sup>)

Chlouvānem/Swadesh list: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:28, 3 March 2018

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