Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions

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: I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived.

: ''tammikeike uyųlaṃte, utiya nanā tammi ~~tafluniṣya~~.''

: ''tammikeike uyųlaṃte, utiya nanā tammi taluniṣya.''

: train.station-LOC.SG. eat-IND.PERF.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT. – then. that.DIR. train.DIR.SG. arrive-IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR.

: I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives.

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* ''dašejilda līlta viṣustura no'' - “it has rained, and the path has collapsed”. Perfect “tense”: the path is not walkable due to it having collapsed.

An extension of this pattern is seen in that use where the past may imply, with some verbs, the cancellation of the original result through the opposite action, e.g.:

* ''~~hāliehulca~~ prāgdeiru vuldate'' - "Hāliehulca (has) opened the window." Here, the perfect implies that the window is still open at the sentence's time (in this case, the present).

* ''hālyehulca prāgdeiru vuldate'' - "Hāliehulca (has) opened the window." Here, the perfect implies that the window is still open at the sentence's time (in this case, the present).

* ''~~hāliehulca~~ prāgdeiru uldekte'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window." Here, the past implies that the window has since been closed.

* ''hālyehulca prāgdeiru uldekte'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window." Here, the past implies that the window has since been closed.

A [[Chlouvānem/Calendar_and_time#Expressing_time_in_Chlouv.C4.81nem|"translative ''sām''"]] (i.e. "for a certain period of time") is typically present whenever the past form is used:

* ''~~hāliehulca~~ prāgdeiru māmei railan sām uldekte'' - Hāliehulca opened the window for twelve ''railai'' = ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru vuldate : tū māmei railų nin spṛšekte/aspṛšate'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window, then closed it twelve ''railai'' later". Note that in the latter verb both the past and the perfect may be used freely; in colloquial style this is also possible for the first verb (e.g. ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru uldekte ...''), but this is considered a mistake in more formal contexts, c.f. the alternative translation "Hāliehulca, who had opened the window, ..."

* ''hālyehulca prāgdeiru māmei railan sām uldekte'' - Hāliehulca opened the window for twelve ''railai'' = ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru vuldate : tū māmei railų nin spṛšekte/aspṛšate'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window, then closed it twelve ''railai'' later". Note that in the latter verb both the past and the perfect may be used freely; in colloquial style this is also possible for the first verb (e.g. ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru uldekte ...''), but this is considered a mistake in more formal contexts, c.f. the alternative translation "Hāliehulca, who had opened the window, ..."

Both the past and the perfect can be frequentative:

@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 : I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived.
-: ''tammikeike uyųlaṃte, utiya nanā tammi tafluniṣya.''
+: ''tammikeike uyųlaṃte, utiya nanā tammi taluniṣya.''
 : train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. – then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
 : I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives.
@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 * ''dašejilda līlta viṣustura no'' - “it has rained, and the path has collapsed”. Perfect “tense”: the path is not walkable due to it having collapsed.
 An extension of this pattern is seen in that use where the past may imply, with some verbs, the cancellation of the original result through the opposite action, e.g.:
-* ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru vuldate'' - "Hāliehulca (has) opened the window." Here, the perfect implies that the window is still open at the sentence's time (in this case, the present).
+* ''hālyehulca prāgdeiru vuldate'' - "Hāliehulca (has) opened the window." Here, the perfect implies that the window is still open at the sentence's time (in this case, the present).
-* ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru uldekte'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window." Here, the past implies that the window has since been closed.
+* ''hālyehulca prāgdeiru uldekte'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window." Here, the past implies that the window has since been closed.
 A [[Chlouvānem/Calendar_and_time#Expressing_time_in_Chlouv.C4.81nem|"translative ''sām''"]] (i.e. "for a certain period of time") is typically present whenever the past form is used:
-* ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru māmei railan sām uldekte'' - Hāliehulca opened the window for twelve ''railai'' = ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru vuldate : tū māmei railų nin spṛšekte/aspṛšate'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window, then closed it twelve ''railai'' later". Note that in the latter verb both the past and the perfect may be used freely; in colloquial style this is also possible for the first verb (e.g. ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru uldekte ...''), but this is considered a mistake in more formal contexts, c.f. the alternative translation "Hāliehulca, who had opened the window, ..."
+* ''hālyehulca prāgdeiru māmei railan sām uldekte'' - Hāliehulca opened the window for twelve ''railai'' = ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru vuldate : tū māmei railų nin spṛšekte/aspṛšate'' - "Hāliehulca opened the window, then closed it twelve ''railai'' later". Note that in the latter verb both the past and the perfect may be used freely; in colloquial style this is also possible for the first verb (e.g. ''hāliehulca prāgdeiru uldekte ...''), but this is considered a mistake in more formal contexts, c.f. the alternative translation "Hāliehulca, who had opened the window, ..."
 Both the past and the perfect can be frequentative: