Verse:Mwail/Ryooteq: Difference between revisions
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Some other Sjowaazhic languages are more strongly tonal. For example, in the Claj'oóny topolect, every word will have at least one high pitched vowel or diphthong but may have more than one, especially in longer words. | Some other Sjowaazhic languages are more strongly tonal. For example, in the Claj'oóny topolect, every word will have at least one high pitched vowel or diphthong but may have more than one, especially in longer words. | ||
==Morphology== | |||
'''NB.''' Superscript <sup>L</sup> = lenition of the following consonant, <sup>N</sup> = eclipsis, <sup>D</sup> = following consonant is dageshed. | |||
===Nouns and Adjectives=== | |||
:''See also: [[Netagin/Declension patterns]].'' | |||
Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (singular, paucal and plural), gender (animate, honorific, inanimate and abstract; historically the latter two, being somewhat arbitrary with respect to abstract nouns, had been dubbed "masculine" and "feminine" after the Semitic genders they resemble), and four cases. | |||
The mutations that accompany the words only affect other words in the same prosodic phrase or between words of a modifier-modified relationship. | |||
====Declensions with sound plurals==== | |||
Animate plurals are typically sound (concatenative), while inanimate sound plurals are typically adjectives (and their nounless forms derived from them via the prefix m- if they don't have it already) and abstract/honorifics. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | Animate declension: ''qinnáth'' ('stranger') | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Direct | |||
| ''qinnáth'' || ''qinnáthú'' || ''qinnátháˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''qinnáthím''<sup>N</sup> || ''qinnáthann''<sup>L</sup> || ''qinnáthín''<sup>N</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''qinnáthámh'' || ''qinnátháigh'' || ''qinnáthígháˀ''<sup>L</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| ''qinnáthámh'' || ''qinnáthéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''qinnáthán'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | Inanimate declension: ''yáréph'' ('wheel') | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Direct | |||
| ''yáréph''<sup>N</sup> || ''yiréphú''|| ''yirépháˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''yiréphí''<sup>L</sup> || ''yiréphann''<sup>L</sup> || ''yiréphái''<sup>N</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''yiréphégh''<sup>N</sup> || ''yirépháigh'' || ''yiréphgháˀ''<sup>L</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| ''yiréphín'' || ''yiréphéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''yiréphán'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | Uncountable/honorific declension: ''ˀimáˀ'' ('mother') | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Direct | |||
| ''ˀimáˀ''(<sup>N</sup> if abstract) || ''ˀimáthéi'' || ''ˀimónáˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''ˀimath''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimáthann''<sup>L</sup> || ''ˀimónái''<sup>N</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''ˀimáthégh''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimátháigh'' || ''ˀimóncháˀ''<sup>L</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| ''ˀimáthín'' || ''ˀimáthéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimónín'' | |||
|} | |||
====Declensions with broken plurals==== | |||
Broken plurals are nonconcatenative plurals that take singular case markers (they derive diachronically from collective noun patterns). Broken plurals only occur with (mainly less animate) nouns. Unlike in [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]] broken plurals induce no irregularity in agreement. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:500px;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=3|Broken plural patterns | |||
|- | |||
!Singular | |||
!Plural | |||
!Examples | |||
|- | |||
|rowspan="2"|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''brítz'' (language) > ''brútz''<br/>''psíph'' (vote) > ''psúph'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''fríaˁ'' (arrow, ray) > ''fróaˁ'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub><u>e</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub> | |||
|rowspan="2"|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''śebhar'' (fish) > ''śbhár'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub><u>é</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''létzí'' (sow, contemptible person) > ''letzí'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub><u>ó</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub> | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>oC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>oC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''nódhamh'' (sack) > ''nodhémh'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>, ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>, ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''céthóaˁ'' (encounter) > ''ˀechtíaˁ''<br/>''léghóaˁ'' (season) > ''ˀelgúaˁ'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>áˀ<sup>N</sup> | |||
|''póḥar'' (island) > ''paḥóráˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|ˀəC<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''ˁáríaḥ'' (handle) > ''ˀaˁírúaḥ'' | |||
|- | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub> | |||
|''páthól'' (tree) > ''pitél'' | |||
|- | |||
|CəCCVːC | |||
|CəCáCóC, CəCóCéC, CəCáCúC | |||
|''tidhpór'' (grammar) > ''tadháphór'' | |||
|- | |||
|CiCCəCáˀ | |||
|CəCCóCáˀ | |||
|''misratzáˀ'' (attention) > ''masrótzáˀ'' | |||
|} | |||
====Derivational morphology==== | |||
=====Patterns===== | |||
*''CáCíC'': quality adjective | |||
*''CúCáC'': resultative adjective | |||
*''CéCóC<sup>N</sup>'': event | |||
*''tiCCúC<sup>N</sup>'': event/place | |||
*''tiCCáC/tiCCéC<sup>N</sup>'': instrument | |||
*''maCCéC/maCCíC'': profession | |||
*''tiCCáCáˀ<sup>N</sup>/tiCCéCáˀ<sup>N</sup>'': process | |||
*''miCCúC<sup>N</sup>'': patient noun | |||
*''miCCóC<sup>N</sup>'': resultative noun | |||
*''CóCáCáˀ<sup>N</sup>'': degree/measure | |||
*''CéCéiC'', ''meCaCCéiC'' (''Hebrew''): wannabe X[-er] | |||
=====Affixes===== | |||
*''-ón'': certain nouns, pejorative suffix | |||
*''-úl'': "network"/system of things | |||
*''-í, -íy-'': diminutive; person; (''Semitic'') ''nisba'' adjectival suffix | |||
*''-íth<sup>N</sup>, -úth<sup>N</sup>'' (pl. ''-ínáˀ, -únáˀ'') abstract noun suffix, probably of Semitic origin | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
Second person plural pronouns and verbs are used for politeness, and first person paucal is used for humility in very formal situations. Subject and direct object forms are usually omitted, except for topicalization or focusing. The short forms are adpositional object forms, which follow the adposition unlike other NPs. | |||
The third person pronouns only refer to animates. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Zeroth person !! colspan="3" | First person !! colspan="3" | Second person !! colspan="3" | Third person | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
|''ˀagáˀ''||''ˀaghd''||''ˀadú''||''ˀadáˀ''||''ˀann''||''ˀannú''||''ˀannáˀ''||''héhh''||''hennú''||''hennáˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
|''ˀácháˀ'', ''cháˀ''||''ˀaghtí'', ''tí''||''ˀáthú'', ''thú''||''ˀátháˀ'', ''tháˀ''||''ˀání'', ''ní''||''ˀánú'', ''nú''||''ˀánáˀ'', ''náˀ''||''hethí'', ''hí''||''hethú'', ''hú''||''hetháˀ'', ''háˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
|''ˀáchái''<sup>N</sup>, ''chái''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀaghím''<sup>N</sup>, ''ghím''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀáthann''<sup>L</sup>, ''thann''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀáthái''<sup>N</sup>, ''thái''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀaním''<sup>N</sup>, ''ním''<sup>N</sup> ||''ˀánann''<sup>L</sup>, ''nann''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀánái''<sup>N</sup>, ''nái''<sup>N</sup>||''hím''<sup>N</sup>||''hann''<sup>L</sup>||''hái''<sup>N</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
|''ˀáchnáˀ''<sup>L</sup>, ''chnáˀ''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀaghámh'', ''ghámh''||''ˀátháigh'', ''tháigh''||''ˀáthgháˀ''<sup>L</sup>, ''thagháˀ''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀanámh'', ''námh''||''ˀánáigh'', ''náigh''||''ˀán·gháˀ''<sup>L</sup>, ''nagháˀ''<sup>L</sup>||''hámh''||''háigh''||''hagháˀ''<sup>L</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
|''ˀáchín'', ''chín''||''ˀaghámh'', ''ghámh''||''ˀáthéim''<sup>N</sup>, ''théim''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀáthín'', ''thín''||''ˀanámh'', ''námh''||''ˀánéim''<sup>N</sup>, ''néim''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀánín'', ''nín''||''hámh''||''héim''<sup>N</sup>||''hín'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what' | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| ''mí'' || ''ˀéi<sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ''máˀ'' || ''ˀéi<sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''méi''<sup>L</sup> || ''ˀayyéi''<sup>L</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''mím'' || ''ˀéigh'' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| ''mím'' || ''ˀéim'' | |||
|} | |||
The demonstrative pronoun is used adnominally or pronominally. It may be used as a pronoun for inanimates. | |||
Having arisen from historical gemination, the demonstrative pronoun resists mutations. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 360px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | Demonstrative pronoun | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Direct | |||
| ''dí'' || ''lú'' || ''cáˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''déi''<sup>L</sup> || ''lann''<sup>L</sup> || ''cái''<sup>N</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''dágh'' || ''léigh'' || ''cagháˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| ''dó'' || ''léim''<sup>N</sup> || ''cín'' | |||
|} | |||
There is another demonstrative pronoun, ''nadí'', meaning 'that other' (similar to "obviative") or 'the former'. As in French or German, demonstratives do not encode distance; a place word (such as ''zán'' 'here', ''rán'' 'there', ''lehalán'' 'the following') is necessary in order to deictize the noun more precisely. | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Netagin verbs, perhaps similarly to those of [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]], mark aspect and person, but not tense. (Netagin, rather unusually, renders tense as proclitics on NPs instead.) Non-concatenative morphology figures prominently in conjugation for valence and TAM, much like in Semitic and Proto-Indo-European. However, unlike in Semitic languages verbs can also be derived via derivational "mishqalim" patterns (with a lot of overlap with nominal patterns), so there is not as much skew towards being noun-heavy as in Semitic. | |||
====Primary stems==== | |||
:''For inflectional paradigms, please see [[Netagin/Primary stem conjugation]].'' | |||
The primary stems inflect with heavy use of transfixes. Comprising about 500 verbs, this class is the counterpart to strong verbs in Germanic. There are up to 4 primary patterns or "binyanim" that a root may take in Netagin: | |||
*In the '''Intransitive''' paradigm are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold"). It is often considered the most basic form. The difference between adjectives and stative verbs is roughly equivalent to the ''ser-estar'' distinction. | |||
*The '''Transitive''' paradigm contains most monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Intransitive verbs ("make happy"). Can also have a telic (desired outcome was reached) meaning. | |||
*The '''Reflexive''' pattern consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken"). | |||
*The '''Causative''' pattern contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Intransitives and Reflexives). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect). | |||
Note that there is no passive in Netagin - this function is mainly served by zeroth person in transitive verbs or with Reflexive verbs, or simply topicalization of the patient. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun | |||
|- | |||
! Intransitive | |||
| ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Transitive | |||
| ''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>í<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áˀ<sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Reflexive | |||
| ''ˀiC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''niC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Causative | |||
| ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''maC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áˀ<sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|} | |||
<sup>1</sup> Attenuates to ''a'' before a stressed suffix beginning with a consonant. | |||
Suffixes beginning with a vowel cause the vowel between C<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>3</sub> to be elided. | |||
The ''infinitive'' ({{sc|inf}}) is formed by leniting the first letter of the bare stem of the verb, or if said first letter is a guttural or ''n'', adding ''fa-''. | |||
The ''participle'' is an agent noun or an adjective. Adverbializing it yields manner of action "as if to X". | |||
The ''action noun'' ({{sc|axn}}) or ''gerund'' is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-{{sc|gen}} AXN OBJECT-{{sc|acc}}. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer. | |||
:{{heb|בֶּן אָתַןּ גְדִיב כַּ֬וֵּה וַּתַּתֵּ֬לַם.}} | |||
:'''''Ben ˀáthann ghedhíbh gcaféh fatedtélamh.''''' | |||
:{{small|FUT<nowiki>=</nowiki>1PC.GEN drink.AXN.SG.DIR coffee.SG.DIR INV-(1,3)-awaken/CAUS.IPFV}} | |||
:''Our drinking coffee will keep us alert.'' | |||
====Derived stems==== | |||
The derived conjugation generates the bulk of new verbs in Netagin. The inflection, incorporating various concatenative formatives from the primary inflection, is almost entirely linear. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun | |||
|- | |||
! Intransitive | |||
| ''ˀe[STEM]'' || ''[STEM]'' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>[STEM]'' || ''ˀa[STEM]íth<sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Transitive | |||
| ''ˀa[STEM]'' || ''ˀi<sup>N</sup>[STEM]'' || ''mə[STEM]'' || ''[STEM]íyáˀ<sup>N</sup>'' | |||
|} | |||
The infinitive is formed in the same manner as for the primary stems. | |||
=====Patterns===== | |||
Many (nowadays, most) derived verb patterns are verbalized noun patterns. | |||
====Affixes==== | |||
=====Unipersonal (suffix) conjugation===== | |||
The suffix conjugation is used for inherently intransitive (unaccusative) or reflexive verbs, and imperatives. Unipersonal verbs are negated in the optative/imperative by ''núr<sup>N</sup>''. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+'''Unipersonal verb structure''' | |||
!0!!1!!2 | |||
|- | |||
||'''Stem'''/Voice/Aspect||Personal suffix||Imperative or Polarity/Focus | |||
|} | |||
In the indicative the personal suffixes represent the subject; in the imperative they indicate the object. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 250px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4"|Unipersonal suffixes | |||
|- | |||
!Person!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural | |||
|- | |||
!0 | |||
|colspan="3"|''-c[h]<sup>1</sup>áˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
!1 | |||
||''-d(i)/-gh(i)''<sup>1</sup>/''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>í''<sup>3</sup>||''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>ú''||''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>áˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
!2 | |||
||''-ann''||''-nú''||''-náˀ'' | |||
|- | |||
!3 | |||
||-''(a)''<sup>2</sup>/''-í''<sup>3</sup>||''-ú''||''-áˀ'' | |||
|} | |||
The 0th, 1st and 2nd person forms are penultimately stressed; the 3rd person forms are ultimately stressed. | |||
<sup>1</sup>After vowels or ''mh''.<br/> | |||
<sup>2</sup>As indicative subject; not expressed without another suffix<br/> | |||
<sup>3</sup>As imperative object. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Slot 2 suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! Netagin !! Gloss | |||
|- | |||
| ''-n'' || Imperative ({{sc|imp}}) | |||
|- | |||
| ''-chú'' || Affirmative focus ({{sc|aff.foc}}) | |||
|- | |||
| ''-hí'' || Negative ({{sc|neg}}) | |||
|- | |||
| ''-náˀ/-cháˀ*'' || Negative focus ({{sc|neg.foc}}) | |||
|} | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In second person forms. | |||
=====Bipersonal (prefix) conjugation===== | |||
The prefix conjugation is used for non-imperative transitive verbs (verbs that can take an agent and a patient). | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+'''Bipersonal verb structure''' | |||
!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2 | |||
|- | |||
|Inverse prefix||Bipersonal prefix||'''Transitive stem'''/Voice/Aspect||Polarity/Focus||Pluractionality suffix | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Inverse prefix | |||
|- | |||
! Netagin !! Gloss | |||
|- | |||
| ''fa''<sup>D</sup>- || Inverse ({{sc|inv}}) | |||
|} | |||
The inverse prefix is called ''fó mágham'' ('flipping/inverting ''fó''') in Netagin. Note that the inverse prefix geminates/de-lenites the personal prefix consonant. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Personal prefixes | |||
|- | |||
! Netagin !! Gloss | |||
|- | |||
| ''b-'' || (2,0) | |||
|- | |||
| ''c-'' || (1,0) | |||
|- | |||
| ''h-'' || (1,2) | |||
|- | |||
| ''l-'' || (0,3) | |||
|- | |||
| ''n-'' || (2,3) | |||
|- | |||
| ''t-'' || (1,3) | |||
|- | |||
| ''y-'' || (3,3) | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Polarity/focus suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! Netagin !! Gloss | |||
|- | |||
| ''-(a)'' || Affirmative ({{sc|aff}}) | |||
|- | |||
| ''-cú'' || Affirmative focus ({{sc|aff.foc}}) | |||
|- | |||
| ''-hí'' || Negative ({{sc|neg}}) | |||
|- | |||
| ''-náˀ'' || Negative focus ({{sc|neg.foc}}) | |||
|} | |||
All of the above suffixes are stressed. The focused suffixes emphasize the truth value and are therefore used to answer yes/no questions. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Pluractionality suffix | |||
|- | |||
! Netagin !! Gloss | |||
|- | |||
| ''-nn'' || Pluractional ({{sc|plax}}) | |||
|} | |||
The pluractionality suffix never affects the thematic vowel in irregular verbs, unlike other suffixes beginning with a consonant. | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
Numerals are essentially ordinary adjectives (below 100) or nouns (for 100 and higher units). Units larger than 100 turn their heads into the genitive case. | |||
The collective and reciprocal is archaic for numerals above 3. Numerals exceeding ten only have periphrastic distributives, collectives and reciprocals (''ḥáchúbh fa-hálódh mbúrégh'' '11 at a time'; ''ˀaˁathómhath tzúbhál nḥachúbháˀ'' 'a group of 30'; ''hálódh méˀath'' '1/100'). | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="6"|Netagin numerals | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 60px; "| | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n'' | |||
|- | |||
|0 | |||
|''séphar'' | |||
|''*mesáphúr'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|''hálódh'' | |||
|''mehálúdh'' | |||
|''halúdhládh'' | |||
|''halálédh'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|''gáḥéz'' | |||
|''megáḥúz'' | |||
|''gaḥuzḥáz'' | |||
|''gaḥáḥéz'' | |||
|''géḥáz'' | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|''tzúbhál'' | |||
|''metzábhúl'' | |||
|''tzebhulbál'' | |||
|''tzebhábhél'' | |||
|''tzibál'' | |||
|- | |||
|4 | |||
|''méqhátz'' | |||
|''memháqhútz'' | |||
|''meqhutzqátz'' | |||
|''meqháqhétz'' | |||
|''miqátz'' | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
|''pazzím'' | |||
|''mepházúmh'' | |||
|''pezumhzámh'' | |||
|''pezázémh'' | |||
|''pizzámh'' | |||
|- | |||
|6 | |||
|''ˀalbán'' | |||
|''melábhún'' | |||
|''lebhunbán'' | |||
|''lebhábhén'' | |||
|''libán'' | |||
|- | |||
|7 | |||
|''qátzídh'' | |||
|''meqhátzúdh'' | |||
|''qetzudhtzádh'' | |||
|''qetzátzédh'' | |||
|''qittzádh'' | |||
|- | |||
|8 | |||
|''cóˁáš'' | |||
|''mecháˁúš'' | |||
|''ceˁušˁáš'' | |||
|''ceˁáˁéš'' | |||
|''céˁáš'' | |||
|- | |||
|9 | |||
|''ripúi'' | |||
|''merápheh'' | |||
|''rephuipheh'' | |||
|''rephápheh'' | |||
|''ripeh'' | |||
|- | |||
|10 | |||
|''ḥachúbh'' | |||
|''meḥáchúbh'' | |||
|''ḥachubhcábh'' | |||
|''ḥacháchébh'' | |||
|''ḥicábh'' | |||
|- | |||
|11 | |||
|''ḥáchúbh fa-hálódh'' | |||
|''ḥáchúbh mehálúdh'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|20 | |||
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh'' | |||
|''megháḥúz nḥachúbh'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|21 | |||
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh hálódh'' | |||
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|100 | |||
|''méˀáˀ'' | |||
|''maˀáthí'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|1000 | |||
|''ˀelaph'' | |||
|''ˀalphí'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|10^6 | |||
|''ˀecatomíryó, ˀecat''' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|10^9 | |||
|''disecatomíryó, disec''' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|} | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||