Karnišna

Carnian
Ⰽⰰⱃⱀⰻⱎⱀⰰ Karnišna
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ˈkaɾniʃna]]
Created by	–
Native to	Italy
Native speakers	- (2013)
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Carnian
Language codes
ISO 639-1	-
ISO 639-2	-
ISO 639-3	-

Carnian, also known as Karnišna (natively), is a South Slavic language spoken in Northern Italy, more specifically in two regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto. The language borders on several languages spoken in the area, namely Slovene, Friulian, Venetian, Italian and German. Carnian is a fairly conservative language (it has dual, for example), but with heavy influence from the neighbouring Romance languages, both in its grammar and vocabulary. The official script of the language is Glagolitic but Latin is used at an increasing rate nowadays.

Phonology

Consonants

The Carnian consonant inventory is fairly simple. There are 32 consonants in total, 9 of which are geminate consonants. Carnian has lost the velar plosive /g/ and turned it into the velar fricative /ɣ/, with [g] being now an allophone of [ɣ]. An interesting feature of the language is also the dental fricative /ð/, which has developed from /d/ in some positions. Despite being a Slavic language, Carnian completely lacks palatal or palatalised consonants (except for /j/ and even that is often considered as a non-vocalic vowel).

		Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	Plain	m			n
	Geminate	mː			nː
Plosive	Plain	p b			t d			k
	Geminate	pː			tː			kː
Fricative	Plain		f	ð	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ
	Geminate		fː		sː
Affricate					t͡s	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Approximant			ʋ				j	w
Trill					r
Flap or tap					ɾ
Lateral approx.	Plain				l
	Geminate				lː

Vowels

Carnian has 10 vowels total. There is no phonemic distinction between vowel legth but a general rule is that stressed vowels are longer than unstressed vowels.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y		u
Close-mid	e ø		o
Mid		ə
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open	a

Orthography

The Latin alphabet of Carnian is close to a phonetic alphabet but with some historical spellings and letters.

Letter-to-sound correspondence
Letter	Sound	Notes
A, a	[a], [aː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ä, ä	[ɛ], [ɛː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Å, å	[ɔ], [ɔː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
B, b	[b], [p]	Voiceless in word-final syllables.
C, c	[t͡s]
Č, č	[t͡ʃ]
D, d	[d], [t]	Voiceless in word-final syllables.
E, e	[e], [eː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ë, ë	[ə]	Usually never long, even if stressed.
F, f	[f]
FF, Ff, ff	[fː]
G, g	[ɣ], [x]	Voiceless in word-final syllables.
	[g], [k]	Allophonic realisations of [ɣ] and [x] respectively in some dialects.
Ǧ, ǧ	[d͡ʒ]	Occurs in Romance loanwords.
H, h	[x]
I, i	[i], [iː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
	[j], [i̯]	The non-vocalic version an alternative classification of the sound.
J, j
K, k	[k]
KK, Kk, kk	[kː]
L, l	[l]
Ł, ł	[l]	Inter-vocally, word-initially and if followed by a consonant.
	[j], [i̯]	Word-finally and if preceded by a consonant.
M, m	[m]
MM, Mm, mm	[mː]
N, n	[n]
NN, Nn, nn	[nː]
O, o	[o], [oː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ö, ö	[ø], [øː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
P, p	[p]
PP, Pp, pp	[pː]
R, r	[ɾ]
RR, Rr, r	[r], [ɾː]	The trill is sometimes classified as a geminate flap/tap.
S, s	[s]
SS, Ss, ss	[sː]
Š, š	[ʃ]
T, t	[t]
TT, Tt, tt	[tː]
U, u	[u], [uː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ü, ü	[y], [yː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ů, ů	[u]	Never occurs in stressed syllables.
Ŭ, ŭ	[u̯], [w]	The non-vocalic part in diphthongs, sometimes classified as [w]
V, v	[ʋ]	An approximant, not a fricative.
	[u̯], [w]	When followed by a consonant, forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel.
W, w	[w], [u̯]	The non-vocalic version an alternative classification of the sound.
Y, y	[ə]	Usually never long, even if stressed.
Z, z	[z], [s]	Voiceless in word-final syllables.
Ž, ž	[ʒ], [ʃ]	Voiceless in word-final syllables.