Lakovic languages

Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.

Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages

Lakovic languages/Sketchbook

Lakovic
Created by	–
Geographic distribution	Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide
Linguistic classification	One of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-language	Proto-Lakovic
Subdivisions	Ashanic Western Bjeheondian Tumhanian Etalocian Txapoallian

The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Häskä: hän tülut Ləkof; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

Todo

Lakovic should be huge

Urheimat: Talma

Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs

Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar with honorifics

some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic

an ergative Lakovic language

a Lakovic language with a Tsjoen-style possessed classifier system

Phylogeny

Proto-Lakovic

• Ashanic
  • Old Windermere
    • Classical Windermere
      • Modern Windermere
      • Sătmașian
      • Trây
    • Pradiul
  • Classical Tseezh
    • Modern Tseezh
  • Wiebian
  • Tsăloșian
  • Ferlitian
• Tumhanic
  • Schong
  • Æ
• Tsrovesh
• Pfiunic
  • Pfiun (Pseudo-Swiss German)
• !Zoom
• Qlenziêr?
• Häskä

Need Txapoallian and Etalocian Lakovic languages

Proto-Lakovic phonology

vaguely Georgian

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Domed	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /ɡ/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			k /k/	q /q/
Affricate	voiced		ʒ /d͡z/	ʒ́ /d͡ʐ/	ǯ /d͡ʒ/
	voiceless		c /t͡s/	ć /t͡ʂ/	č /t͡ʃ/
Fricative	voiceless		s /s/	ś /ʂ/	š /ʃ/	x /x/		h /h/
	voiced		z /z/	r /r~ɹ~ʐ/	ž /ʒ/	ɣ /ɣ/
resonant		w /w/	l /l/		y /j/

Vowels

i u e o ä a

Syllabic ṃ ṇ ḷ ṛ

There is disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.

Phonotactics

Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots

Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)

Proto-Ashanic phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Domed	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ŋ /ŋ/
Stop	plain	p /p/	t /t/			k /k/	ʔ /ʔ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative			s /s̻/	ś /s̺/	š /ʃ/		h /h/
Affricate			c /ts̻/	ć /ts̺/	(č /tʃ/)
Approximant		w /w/	l /l/	r /r/	y /j/

Vowels

Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone:

i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/

ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice

Phonotactics

Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere; they are the source of final voiced stops in Windermere.

Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.

Stress

Stress was likely on the final syllable.

Proto-Lakovic morphology

Root structure

Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.

Nouns

Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g. *lakof = person; *laklakof = people

There was an honorific clitic =cin. Honorific nouns and verbs became feminine in Ashanic.

Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.

Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.

Pronouns

Ashanic:

• rì = I
• śen (m), śens (f) = you
• in (m), ins (f)
• tsa = we (exc)
• pang = we (inc)

Verbs and adjectives

Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic language preserve these inflections to varying levels.

There was an honorific prefix, wa-.

• Ashanic: ⟨paŋ⟩ = destination trigger
• Ashanic: ⟨ìt⟩, PLak: ⟨ixt⟩ = locative trigger

Derivational morphology

• ⟨ś⟩ infix: nominalization
  • Breathy voice ablaut in Ashanic
• ⟨ṛ⟩ infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
  • Ashanic ⟨àr⟩, Wdm. ⟨ră⟩
• Ashanic: bì-~bù- = agentive
• Ashanic: hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
• Ashanic: t- = denominal verbs, causative (Wdm. th-)
• Ashanic: u- = intensive
• Ashanic: yi- = adjectivizer, stative
  • Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-

Proto-Lakovic syntax

Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.

Vocabulary

• ṛ-: nonvolitional
• tka 'to go'
  • Proto-Ashanic àrtka < ṛ-tka
    • Windermere răchta 'to die'
• PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
• PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'forest'
• PAsh ʔma
  • Wdm. ăma
• PAsh ʔeb
  • Wdm. ep
• PLak ḷban
  • PAsh àlbon 'water'
    • Wdm. blon
    • Tseezh oobon, Modern nbon
  • Häskä əlfon
  • Tsrovesh rbon
• PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
  • Tsrovesh dvmazh
  • PAsh dàrmày
    • Wdm. trămäy
• PAsh madaŋ 'to fight'
  • Wdm.mătäng 'war'
• PLak žän
  • PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
    • Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
      • Schong jahn
      • Æ jov?
    • Wdm. șän
  • Tsrovesh: tšan
• PLak ḷgän 'straight, upright'
  • PAsh àlgan
    • Wdm. glan 'straight'
    • Tseezh ookhan
  • Tsrovesh: rgan

Numbers

ardolni > vduli

urti > era, ert-

mtsiw > mtser

mšaxk > msholki

m-muc > amuc

Ashanic

check Æ tone reflexes

• first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
• then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes

Proto-Ashanic	Talman				Bjeheondian				Etalocian
	Windermere	Häskä	Tseezh	Pradiul	Tsăloșian	Wiebian	Schong	Æ	Ferlitian
*àdòn "one"	doan	odän	don		thohn	tů
*ùrat "two"	rath	rat	oozhad		raat	ras
*tsiw "three"	stiw	ətsəw	txim (rebracketed from 4)		tsiw	tjův
*mšàk "four"	smech	əmšäk	khaag		meih	njaai	njærv
*Vmǜc "five"	müets	müc	omøøtx		muhs	vur
*dak "six"	tach	dak	dag		thak	tars
*àbòt "seven"	boath	obät	aabood		phoht	pov
*słeb "eight"	łep	ešəb	xev		schap	læ̊g
*ʔlòy "nine"	loay	oläy	wooj		loih	løv
*tap "ten"	thaf	taf	rab		tap	tås
*suyàw "eleven"	săyew	suyäw	taxaa		sew	søv
*srük "twelve"	srüch	üsruk	tzhøg		srk	rurs