Evonish: Difference between revisions

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==Writing==
==Writing==
The writing system may be from right to left. The twenty-eight letter alphabet is a modified Latin alphabet that contains the following characters.
The writing system may be from right to left. The thirty letter alphabet is a modified Latin alphabet that contains the following characters, in no real order:
*a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x.
*a, e, i, o, u, y
The [[IPA for Varevon]] is sorely out of date, and is subject to change soon. A caron is placed over certain letters which changes them to distinct, but related sounds. These are the following letters with carons: č, ǰ, ň, š, ž.  They are placed over the vowels, ǎ, ě, ǐ, ǒ, ǔ, to indicate length. Umlauts are written with a diaeresis.
*p /p/, b /b/
*t /t/, d /d/
*þ /θ/, ð /ð/
*f /f/, v /v/
*k /k/, g /g/
*x /x/, h /h/
*l /l/, r /ɹ/
*m /m/, n /n/
*ŋ /ŋ/, j /j/
*s /s/, z /z/
*ṡ /ʃ/, ż /ʒ/
*ƕ/q /ʍ/, ƿ/w /w/
The [[IPA for Varevon]] is sorely out of date, and is subject to change soon. A dot is placed over s and z which changes them to distinct, but related sounds; these are regarded as separate letters. Umlauts are written with a diaeresis/umlaut, and doubled vowels indicate long vowels or gemination.


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==

Revision as of 06:30, 6 December 2013

Evonish (literally angels' language) is an a-posetriori language influenced primarily influenced by West Germanic, Insular Celtic, Russian, and Japanese. Its phoneme inventory is based on General American phonology, however it bears certain phonetic constraints similar to Japanese. Furthermore, it uses grammar that bears resemblance to European languages. The wordstock has many influences of Germanic languages, Celtic languages, Slavic languages, Japanese, and a priori vocabulary. The objectives are:

  • to create a poetic, flowing language
  • to preserve Celtic vocabulary
  • to create a left-hand friendly writing system

Tables are horizontally flipped intentionally.


Evonish
Evoniš
Progress: 22%
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-Accusative
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Common/Neuter
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect

Phonology

Aspiration is in free variation; it does not determine another phoneme. Æ-Tensing is a process by which the vowel /æ/ is raised and lengthened to produce /æ̝ˑ/ before a nasal consonant, yet this is merely an allophone and may be ignored.

Consonants

Parenthesis indicate allophones.

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Labio-velar Velar Glottal
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/ Nasal
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ (ʔ) Plosive
/f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ (ç) /x/ /h/ Fricative
/ɹ/ /j/ /ʍ/ /w/ Approximant
/l/ Lateral

Vowels

Parenthesis indicate allophones. The following table includes the rhotic vowels as well.

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
/i/ /u/ Close
/ɪ/ /ʊ/ Near-close
/e/, /e˞ː/ /o/ Close-mid
/ə/ Mid
/ɛ/, /ɛ˞ː/ /ɝː/ /ʌ/ · /ɔ/, /ɔ˞ː/ Open-mid
/æ/ (æ̝ˑ) Near-open
/ɑ/, /ɑ˞/ Open

Writing

The writing system may be from right to left. The thirty letter alphabet is a modified Latin alphabet that contains the following characters, in no real order:

  • a, e, i, o, u, y
  • p /p/, b /b/
  • t /t/, d /d/
  • þ /θ/, ð /ð/
  • f /f/, v /v/
  • k /k/, g /g/
  • x /x/, h /h/
  • l /l/, r /ɹ/
  • m /m/, n /n/
  • ŋ /ŋ/, j /j/
  • s /s/, z /z/
  • ṡ /ʃ/, ż /ʒ/
  • ƕ/q /ʍ/, ƿ/w /w/

The IPA for Varevon is sorely out of date, and is subject to change soon. A dot is placed over s and z which changes them to distinct, but related sounds; these are regarded as separate letters. Umlauts are written with a diaeresis/umlaut, and doubled vowels indicate long vowels or gemination.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns are the most complex. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD].

Person Number Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
Singular First Ik Mek Meyn Mě
Second Ðǔ Ðek Ðeyn Ðě
Common Sey
Neuter Hit Hin His Him
Plural First Wě Uns
Second Jě
Third Hě Hen Her Hem
Indefinite Reflexive Sek Seyn Sě
Interrogative Common
Neuter

Determiners

The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead. Determines are key to distinguish to distinguishing gender. the E at the end of some determiner plurals is an ancient pluralizing form.

Determiners Article Demonstrative
Definite Indefinite Negative Proximal Distal
Common Singular Ðee Een Neen Ðis Jeen
Plural - Ðise Jeene
Neuter Singular Ðat Een Ðit Jeen
Plural Ðoo Sum Ðite Jeene

Table of Correlatives

Lorem Ipsum.

Quantifiers

Lorem Ipsum.

Morphology

Adjective

Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position; they do not in a predicative position. Cf. German die schwarze Magd vs die Magd ist schwarz. Some adjectives undergo mutation. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be available in time.

Noun

Their declension depends upon case and number. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings. Stuff about the umlaut and other hypothetical mutations. kthxbai.

Strong

The vowel a became associated with plural and e with singular. Vowel dropping may be apparent spoken, but it is not written, such as Engel not declining to Eng'la.

Strong - Engel (Angel) Singular Plural
Nominative/Accusative Engel Engelas
Genitive Engeles Engela
Dative Engele Engelam

Weak

Weak - Name (name) Singular Plural
Nominative/Accusative Name Namen
Genitive Name(n)s Nam(en)a
Dative Namen Namen

Augmentative & Diminutive

Lots of Stuff here

Further forms

The instrumental and locative forms disappeared since Old Evonish. The traditional vocative is formed with the clitic O' and use the N/A conjugation. Some nouns are of an ancient class with r in the plural

Verb

Verbs or verb forms in quotes are either an English equivalent or a work in progress. The infinitives of the frequentative form are -eln and -ern; these can be made of many verbs. The infinitive form in Evonish is the lemma form of the verb, meaning it is the one used in dictionaries. The primary aspects are simple, perfect, progressive, habitual, and inchoative. Simple aspect is used for:

  • Stative verbs
  • Gnomic aspect

Further aspects are formed by nonstandard ways or purely by context.

Form Suffix
Lemma
Frequentative
Aspect Main Auxiliary
Habitual infinitive "to do"
Inchoative supine "to begin"
Perfect past participle "to have"
Progressive present participle "to be"
Tense Person Auxiliary
Future First "shall"
Second "will"
Third "go"

The particle [TBD] after the main verb negates the verb. The following table shows the conjugation of the verb fällen, a weak 1 class verb. The auxiliary verbs in the table are the verbs used with the participles to form two different aspects.

Nonfinite Infinitive
Gerund
Supine
Participle Tense Positive Negative
Present
Past
Mood Tense Singular Plural
Indicative Present [TBD]
[TBD]
[TBD]
Past [TBD]
[TBD] [TBD]
[TBD] [TBD]
Subjunctive Nonpast
Past
Imperative Present

Syntax

Comparisons

Comparative forms use a particle followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. These can imply drastically different meanings, for example:

  • "He ate pie quicker than I" would yield "than I ate pie" (in this example the compared noun is in the nominative).
  • "He ate pie quicker than me" would yield "than he ate me" (in this example the compared noun is in the accusative).

Word Order

The standard word order is V2; when a phrase, clause, adverb, or adjective precedes the subject for emphasis, the second argument is always the verb. This can be demonstrated in the somewhat archaic or fanciful use "From the ground grew the tree." Word order is flexible due to conjugations however the primary form for independent clauses is Subject-Verb-Object. Questions without interrogative pronouns(yes or no) have verb first and subject second. Dependent clauses have a special word order:

  • Subject
  • Indirect Object
  • Direct Object
  • Instrument
  • Verb.

Relative clauses follow the same pattern as independent clauses when appended to independent clauses and follow the dependent pattern when appended to a dependent clause.

Dictionary

Kinship
Grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Grandfather
 
 
 
Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Father Mother Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt
 
 
 
Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin
 
 
Twin Sisters Husband Twin Sister Little Sisters Husband Little Sister Big Sisters Huband Big Sister Wife Self Husband Big Brother  Big Brothers Wife Little Brother Little Brothers Wife Twin Brother Twin Brothers Wife
 
 
 
Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Son Daughter Son Daughter Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew

Example texts

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