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{{Infobox language
== Proto ==
|name=Weddish
<pre>
|nativename=Weðisk
  m  n      N
|states=Wales
  p b t d k g q ʔ
|familycolor = Indo-European
  f  s z    x
|script        =  [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
  þ  ł ɮ    h
|creator = [[User:Aquatiki|Robert Murphy]]
      r  ɻ
}}
      j  w
</pre>


'''Weddish''' is a [[w:West Germanic language]] spoken by several small communities within [[w:Wales]].  Approximately 50,000 people speak Weddish as their L1.  It is of considerable interest to linguists and ethnographers, because of its complex history and unique place in the world.
<pre>
iī  uū
    ǝ
  a ā
</pre>
no hiatus


Weddish appears to have begun as a dialect of [[w:Old Frisian]], which fell under the influence of its Welsh-speaking neighbors (unlike its Anglo-Saxon kin). It was "conquered" by Jews in 1066, and "freed" by the [[w:Edict of Expulsion]] in 1290, and so returned to being under Welsh influence.
was SOV
== Now ==
Super-fusional=polysynthetic
* z --> ʃ
* ɮ --> č
* ɻ --> ɚ
* ? --> ø
<pre>
  m  n  ŋ        ܡo    ܢo    ܥ
  p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ
  ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo    ܙo    ܚo
  θ̼  ɬ  t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo    ܨo    ܗo
      r  l              ݍo    ܠo
      j  w               ܝo      ܘo
</pre>


== Design Goals ==
<pre>
''While I have taken elaborate pains to make Weddish appear naturalistic and give it a rich history, it is nevertheless an auxlang, designed for me to work on my philosophical ideas and methodologies of translations.  I welcome feedback and appreciate any advice you might give, but people are often surprised to find out my primary goal is not to avoid artificiality.''
i=j    u=w      ܐܺorܐܻ  x  ܐܽorܐܾ
e=h    o=ħ      ܐܶorܐܷ  x  ܐܳorܐܴ
ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄
</pre>
Diphthongs: ey, ai, ow, aw and all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ)


''My goals are 1) anti-abstraction, 2) marking marriage, 3) lots of Hebrew, 4) close to English, 5) Welsh influence''
Morae: CV = 1, CVV/CVC = 2.  Stress is on the third to last mora.


== Anthropology ==
yes gemination
=== Early Antiquity ===
=== Nouns ===
Weddish was born under a different name: Frisian.  While there are individual words that cannot be explained under this rubric, the overwhelming majority of Weddish vocabulary is clearly of Frisia – not Anglo-Saxon – ancestry.  While the differences are small, the evidence is clear.  Unlike the Frisians of the continent, however, and unlike the conquering Anglo-Saxons, the ancestors of the Wedds were heavily influenced by the nearby Celts.  The Old Welsh language rubbed off on Old Weddish, winnowing many consonant clusters, producing significant vowel changes, and greatly altering the phonology and phonotactics.
Genders: three big groups, with five in the last
# Eternal: these are all (attributes of) God, '''O Righteousness''', '''God of Love''', '''Geometry in the Mind of God'''
# Forms: these are the Forms as they existed embodied before the Fall, '''True Man=Adam''', '''table-ness''', some angels
# Natural: these are all here and now, after the Fall, maybe sinful, maybe not
## People - man, woman, spiritual beings
## Animals - domestic animals, occupations, highly-complex tools, faces, hands, families, cities
## Beasts - non-domestic animals, moving things (water, fire), medium tools, body part*
## Seeds - technically alive, inert tools, homes, regions/places,
## Rocks - not alive, verbal nouns, mass nouns
Numbers:
# Singulative - takes the place of definiteness, "THE ONE"
# Paucal - a few, some, a couple
# Collective - unmarked, quasi-plural


Old Welsh (Proto-Brythonic) also gave Weddish is system of consonantal mutations.  Certain words and grammatical processes trigger regular changes in the first consonant of the ''next'' word.  This is also the only period where Latin words came into the language (until the modern, international terminology).
{| class="bluetable"
 
! !! Eternal !! Form !! Person !! Animal !! Beast !! Seed !! Rock
=== Late Antiquity ===
Some time in the eighth or ninth century, a charismatic leader supposedly brought the Weddish community into his quasi-Jewish cult.  He also introduced two key elements of the Basque language into Weddish: ergative-absolutive morphosyntax and animate-inanimate distinctions in noun phrases. 
 
=== 1066 ===
Will the arrival of William the Conqueror, ''actual'' Jews arrived from the Continent and called the Wedd's bluff.  Mandatory Hebrew schools were formed, and a similar situation to the rest of the U.K. developed for two centuries.  The elites and leaders spoke Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic.  The common folk spoke Weddish.
 
=== 1290 ===
When Edward I issued the edict of expulsion in 1290, the influence of external Jewry ceased, and all appearance of Judaism had to be removed from the public eye.  The Wedds had their own Domus Conversorum set up, and were allowed to create their own monastic order, where the vows of marriage were conjoined with the vows of holy orders.  Hebrew school continued in private, with Talmud and Maimonides studies ongoing for several more centuries.  Because they were not allowed to officiate over the Mass, Weddish "convents" avoided much of the accreting philosophy, and were among the hotbeds of Protestant theology, until the [[w:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]].
 
== Phonology ==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ '''Consonants of Weddish'''
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|
! S
! style="text-align: center;"|Labial
| rowspan="3" | ??
! Dental
| ??
! style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
| ??
! style="text-align: center;"|Post.
| ??
! style="text-align: center;"|Velar
| ??
! style="text-align: center;"|Uvular
| ??
! style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
| rowspan="3" | ??
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasals
! P
! v<sup>+</sup>
<!-- Eternal //-->
| {{IPA|m}}
| rowspan="2" | ?
|
| ?
| {{IPA|n}}
| ?
|
| ?
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| rowspan="2" | ?
|
|
|-
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
! C
| {{IPA|m̥}}
<!-- Eternal//-->
|
| {{IPA|n̥}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ̊}}
|  
|  
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Obstr.
! v<sup>+</sup>
| {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA|g}}
|
|
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t͡θ}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA|k}}
|
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fric.
! v<sup>+</sup>
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|ð}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| || || ||
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|θ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA|χ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Trills
! v<sup>+</sup>
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
| || || ||
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
|
|
| {{IPA|r̥}}
| || || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Approx.
! v<sup>+</sup>
| {{IPA|w}}
|
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ç}}
| || ||
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
| {{IPA|ʍ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɬ}}
| {{IPA|j}}
| || ||
|}
Weddish consonants primarily center around a voiced-unvoiced contrast.  Several sounds do not occur in the lexical forms of words, but are nevertheless common as the result of consonant mutation.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:right;"
|+ '''Vowels of Weddish'''
! colspan="9"|Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! High
| {{IPA|ɪi}}
| {{IPA|ɨː}}
| {{IPA|ʊu}}
|-
! Near-high
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
|-
! High-mid
|
| {{IPA|ǝ}}
| {{IPA|oʊ}}
|-
! Low-mid
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
| {{IPA|ʌ}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! Low
| {{IPA|æ}}
| {{IPA|aː}}
|
|
<!--Seed//-->
<!--Rock//-->
|}
|}
Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders.  There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, and impersonal.


Weddish vowels are most easily characterized a six-vowel system: the typical five, plus a central vowel.  They all occur in "long" and "short" versions, though (as in English) those terms are used colloquially, and not as linguists mean them.
Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed.  Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences. The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.
 
There are also many diphthongs, as in Welsh: '''eu''', '''ei''', '''au''', '''ai''', '''oi''', '''ui''', and the palatalized '''iu''', '''ie''', '''ia'''.
=== Orthography ===
Weddish is written with the letters of Hebrew abjad and the "points" (Hebrew niqqud).  Romanization is unheard of, apart from our linguistics literature.


{{Template:Improvesection}}
=== Phonotactics ===
{{Template:Improvesection}}
=== Morphophonology ===
Mutation
{{Template:Improvesection}}
<br clear="both" />
== Morphology ==
{{Classmeter/2
|Name=Weddish
|NativeName =ודסק
|Type=fusional
|Alignment = Ergative-Absolutive
|adjective      = final
|adposition    = final
|adverb        = mixes
|article        = initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause    = initial
|order=SVO
|Tonal = no
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
| Case=yes
| Number=yes
| Definiteness=no
| Gender=yes
| Voice=no
| Mood=no
| Person=yes
| Tense=no
| Aspect=yes
|Phonology=90
|NounCases=50
|NounDef=75
|NounNumbers=50
|NounGender=75
|VerbPerson=75
|VerbNumber=50
|VerbAspect=50
|VerbTense=80
|VerbMood=30
|VerbVoice=40
|AdjCase=80
|AdjNumber=70
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=20
|AdjSuperlative=20
|Supine=30
|Gerund=70
|Participle=50
|Infinitive=50
|Modality=10
|Words=1000
}}
=== Pronouns ===
Weddish pronouns are split in two groups.  The 1st and 2nd person are nominative-accusative.  The third person pronouns are ergative-absolutive.
==== 1st and 2nd ====
{{Template:Improvesection}}
==== 3rd ====
{{Template:Improvesection}}
==== Wh-words ====
=== Nouns ===
It is important to be aware of case, number, and gender (animacy) when dealing with Weddish nouns.
==== Animacy ====
Vowel vs consonant ending ... sometimes
==== Number ====
Singular vs. Plural, but also antinomic vs. dual
==== Genitive ====
Animate vs '''dǝ-'''
==== Dative ====
Prepositions '''to'''
==== Ergative ====
'''-k'''
=== Determiners ===
==== Articles ====
==== Anarthrous ====
==== Quantifiers ====
==== Others ====
== Clauses ==
=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Adnominals ===
_ uses normal Nominative-Accusative morphosyntactic alignment.  Verbs are marked for
=== Adverbials ===
# (if transitive) object person slot
 
# (optional) applicative slot
== Numerals ==
## ''passive''
## benefactive
## instrumental
## locative
## comitative
# (optional) noun-incorporation slot
# lexical verb, which inflects for
## subject person
##* there 12 of these!
## aspect --- like Hebrew perfect vs imperfect
### continuous
### aorist (perfective)
### future (irrealis)
## evidentiality --- like Qal vs Piel vs Hiphil
### direct
### hearsay
### inferential
### ''imperative''
# (optional) auxiliary slot --- these are old "to be equal (是)", "to be at/exist (在)", and "to have (有)".  These three times the three aspects make nine conjugations
## <pre>        : Continuous Aorist      Irrealis</pre>
## <pre>Not one  : present.  past.      future/subj.</pre>
## <pre>ye old be: mid. pres. mid. past.  irreal middle</pre>
## <pre>ye old at: imperfect  past. impf. fut. imperf.</pre>
## <pre>old have : perfect.  plurperf.  fut. perf.</pre>
# (optional) indirect object person slot
# (optional) negation slot


== Lexicography ==
Participles and infinitives are handled completely separately, like other stems (a la Hebrew)

Revision as of 00:47, 21 January 2024

Proto

  m   n       N
  p b t d k g q ʔ
  f   s z     x 
  þ   ł ɮ     h
      r   ɻ
      j   w

 iī   uū
    ǝ
   a ā

no hiatus

was SOV

Now

Super-fusional=polysynthetic

  • z --> ʃ
  • ɮ --> č
  • ɻ --> ɚ
  • ? --> ø
  m   n   ŋ        ܡo    ܢo     ܥ 
  p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ
  ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo     ܙo     ܚo
  θ̼   ɬ   t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo     ܨo    ܗo
      r   l               ݍo     ܠo
      j   w               ܝo      ܘo

 i=j     u=w      ܐܺorܐܻ  x  ܐܽorܐܾ
 e=h     o=ħ      ܐܶorܐܷ  x  ܐܳorܐܴ
 ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄

Diphthongs: ey, ai, ow, aw and all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ)

Morae: CV = 1, CVV/CVC = 2. Stress is on the third to last mora.

yes gemination

Nouns

Genders: three big groups, with five in the last

  1. Eternal: these are all (attributes of) God, O Righteousness, God of Love, Geometry in the Mind of God
  2. Forms: these are the Forms as they existed embodied before the Fall, True Man=Adam, table-ness, some angels
  3. Natural: these are all here and now, after the Fall, maybe sinful, maybe not
    1. People - man, woman, spiritual beings
    2. Animals - domestic animals, occupations, highly-complex tools, faces, hands, families, cities
    3. Beasts - non-domestic animals, moving things (water, fire), medium tools, body part*
    4. Seeds - technically alive, inert tools, homes, regions/places,
    5. Rocks - not alive, verbal nouns, mass nouns

Numbers:

  1. Singulative - takes the place of definiteness, "THE ONE"
  2. Paucal - a few, some, a couple
  3. Collective - unmarked, quasi-plural
Eternal Form Person Animal Beast Seed Rock
S ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
P ? ? ? ? ?
C

Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders. There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, and impersonal.

Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed. Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences. The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.

Verbs

_ uses normal Nominative-Accusative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are marked for

  1. (if transitive) object person slot
  2. (optional) applicative slot
    1. passive
    2. benefactive
    3. instrumental
    4. locative
    5. comitative
  3. (optional) noun-incorporation slot
  4. lexical verb, which inflects for
    1. subject person
      • there 12 of these!
    2. aspect --- like Hebrew perfect vs imperfect
      1. continuous
      2. aorist (perfective)
      3. future (irrealis)
    3. evidentiality --- like Qal vs Piel vs Hiphil
      1. direct
      2. hearsay
      3. inferential
      4. imperative
  5. (optional) auxiliary slot --- these are old "to be equal (是)", "to be at/exist (在)", and "to have (有)". These three times the three aspects make nine conjugations 
    1.          : Continuous Aorist      Irrealis
    2. Not one  : present.   past.       future/subj.
    3. ye old be: mid. pres. mid. past.  irreal middle
    4. ye old at: imperfect  past. impf. fut. imperf.
    5. old have : perfect.   plurperf.   fut. perf.
  6. (optional) indirect object person slot
  7. (optional) negation slot

Participles and infinitives are handled completely separately, like other stems (a la Hebrew)

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