Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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==Writing System==

||<center><font style="font-size:18pt">m</font></center>

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|| <center>[h]<br />''[[Contionary:haglas|haglas]]''<br />‘hail’</center>  

|| <center>[θ]<br />''[[Contionary:þornus|þornus]]''<br />‘thorn’</center>  

# The letter ‹n› is used before ‹g› or ‹k› to indicate the velar nasal [ŋ]. Specifically, ‹ng› is [ŋg] and ‹nk› is [ŋk]. (E.g. ''drinkna'' [driŋk.na] ‘to drink’.)

# In combinations where ‹ng› is followed by another nasal consonant, [g] is elided in speech: ‹ngm› is [ŋm] and ‹ngn› is [ŋn]. (E.g. ''gangna'' [gaŋ.na] ‘to go’; not **[gaŋg.na].) In rapid speech this may also occur to the other nasal-stop combinations ‹mbn›, ‹mbm›, ‹ndm›, and ‹ndn›; sometimes the stop may also become glottal.

# The combination ‹rju› is realized as [rɛu̯] (rather than the expected [rju]). (E.g. ''frjusna'' [frɛu̯s.na] ‘to freeze’.)

# The diphthong ‹eu› is realized as [ɛu̯] (rather than the expected [e̞u̯]). (E.g. ''sneugna'' [snɛu̯g.na] ‘to snow’.)

**** ''þō ī, þw’ī'' ‘those which’

===Alternative Writing Systems===

''Coming soon...''

==Phonology==

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===[r]-Assimilation===

Later, beginning around the time of Middle Valthungian, this change was expanded analogously to other nouns and adjectives which had "heavy" syllables, and eventually the rule emerged that nouns and adjectives ending in ‹-r› and ‹-s› do not take an (additional) ‹-s› in the nominative singular, though they otherwise follow the paradigm of their particular stem. (E.g. ''bērs'' → ''bēr'' ‘boar’, ''stiur'' → ''sčur'' ‘steer’. One notable example of this phenomenon is the Germanic ''tersaz'' (''mentula'') which became ''tairs'' in Gothic, but was then reanalyzed as an exception to the original r-rule (instead of the s-rule that it actually is), and eventually it became ''ter'' in Valthungian. It remains, however, an unkind word.)

==Pronouns==

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There are two types of relative pronouns in Valthungian, and although they are used interchangeably, I present them here in two separate tables: The first (more common) forms are with the Gothic clitic particle ''ei-'' having separated from the pronouns (see Clitic Separation), and the second, more “traditional” forms where the clitic is still attached to the word.

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===Indefinite Pronouns===

==Nouns==

Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardized, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See Phonology). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

In most Germanic languages, nouns, verbs, and adjectives tend to be broken into categories considered “strong” and “weak.” In nouns and adjectives, “weak” means that the words cling to their determiner endings inherited from Proto-Indo-European, which usually have an /n/ inserted between the root and the ending. For the purposes of this text, I will dispense with the traditional strong and weak categories as relates to nouns and simply relate the various categories into which nouns can be classified, based on their inherited Proto-Germanic endings (which include the /n/ infix where applicable). Since these endings can be irregular and each class must be learned by rote anyway, there is no need in the context of the Valthungian language to add this additional arbitrary distinction.

===a- and ō-stems===

====a- and ō-stems====

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==Verbs==

===Strong Verbs===

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==Adjectives==