Balkan: Difference between revisions
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see also [[Balkan/Swadesh]] for comparative etymologies and word list. | see also [[Balkan/Swadesh]] for comparative etymologies and word list. | ||
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Revision as of 03:59, 23 December 2018
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| Balkan | |
|---|---|
| Бαλκαν | |
 | |
| Writing | w:Greek alphabet |
| Region: | w:Balkans |
| Genders: | none |
| Cases: | 3 |
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative |
| Typology: | Fusional |
| Word-Order | SVO |
| Languages: | w:Albanian language,
w:Modern Greek, w:Eastern Romance languages w:South Slavic languages w:Balkan Romani w:Balkan Gagauz Turkish |
| Population: | 60 million |
 | |
|
Africa: SEDES • Middle Semitic • Kintu • Guosa Central Asia: Jalpi • Caucas • Zens • Dravindian • Neo-Sanskrit Europe: Intralingua • Folksprak • Interslavic • Balkan • Samboka Far East: Dan'a'yo • IM • MSEAL | |
Anthropology
The term "Balkan" refers to a peninsula, a region, a history, and a sprachbund, all bounded differently and all disagreed upon. Also known as Southeast Europe, linguists have long defined an areal sprachbund here.
There is one vote for each of the following groups
- Albanian
- Greek
- Northern Eastern Romance (consisting of Romanian and Moldovan)
- Southern Eastern Romance (consisting of Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian)
- Eastern Southern Slavic (consisting of Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Old Church Slavonic)
- Western Southern Slavic (consisting of Slovene, and Serbo-Croatian-Bosnian-Montenegrin), and
- Balkan Romani
Judeo-Spanish, and Gagauz Turkish do not normally get a vote.
Phonology
Unlike a lot of other sprachbünde, the Balkans does not share much common phonology. Hence, a pan-Balkan language is necessarily left only with those elements common to all the source languages. It consists of 16 consonants, 6 vowels, and 3 diphthongs.
Balkan is written in the Greek alphabet, but borrows one letter from Cyrillic. Two sounds are digraphs and two graphemes have two sounds. θ is not "native" and ω indicates schwa.
The writing system is Greek plus Cyrillic be.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ Μ/μ | /n/ Ν/ν | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/ Π/π | /t/ Τ/τ | /k/ Κ/κ | |
| voiced | /b/ Б/б | /d/ Δ/δ | /ɡ/ Γ/γ | ||
| Affricative | voiceless | /t͡s~t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ/ τσ | |||
| voiced | /d͡z~d͡ʒ~d͡ʑ/ δζ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ Φ/φ | /s~ʃ/ Σ/σ/ς | /x~h/ Χ/χ | |
| voiced | /v~ʋ/ Β/β | /z~ʒ/ Ζ/ζ | |||
| Approximant | /r~ɹ/ Ρ/ρ | /j/ Ι/ι | |||
| Lateral | /l~ɫ/ Λ/λ | ||||
Θ/θ is only used in the transcription of foreign words. There are also Ξ/ξ which is /ks/ and Ψ/ψ which is /ps/.
Vowels
The vowels are five cardinals plus schwa, any of which can be stressed. A/α is /a/, Ε/ε is /e/, Η/η is /i/, Ο/ο is /o~ɔ/, Υ/υ is /u/, and Ω/ω is /ǝ/.
Stress
Stress is predictable and right-defined.
Morphology
Balkan nouns and adjectives inflect for 3 genders, 3 cases, and 2 numbers. Gender and case generally flatten in the plural. The cases are Nominative, Accusative, and Oblique. The oblique is governed by a preposition. There is a vocative preposition. The definite article is a postposition. The indefinite article is a preposition, but just a form of the number one.
Pronouns
T-V
| Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nom. | υζ | νη | ||
| Acc. | μει | νας | |||
| Acc. | με | να | |||
| Obl. | μην | νεμ | |||
| Obl. | μη | νε | |||
| 2 | Nom. | τη | βη | ||
| Acc. | τει | βας | |||
| Acc. | τε | βα | |||
| Obl. | την | βαμ | |||
| Obl. | τη | βα | |||
| 3 | Nom. | ατη | ετη | ||
| Acc. | ατω | ||||
| Acc. | |||||
| Obl. | |||||
| Masc. | Fem. | Masc. | Fem. | ||
Syntax
SVO, Relative clauses after, Negations particle, evidential particles
Lexicography
see also Balkan/Swadesh for comparative etymologies and word list.
