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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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====Future==== | |||
Chlouvānem has two morphological future tenses, usually termed '''(simple) future tense''' and '''intentional future tense''' (or ''future intentional''). They have a similar relationship to the one between the past and perfect, as the future intentional is a perfective future while the simple future does not mark aspect by itself. | |||
As the term "future intentional" hints, this form is commonly used for an intended action with a perfective sense, i.e. emphasizing completion of the action. Typical ways to render it in English are "to be going to", "to plan to", sometimes "to want to". | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = menire prājaṃnē kālomīyeh ga lalti lenta nakṣuṃkitom elīsāltam. | |||
| gloss = tomorrow. evening-<small>LOC.SG</small>. Kālomīyeh.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>ADP</small>. friend-<small>GEN.SG.</small> together_with. nakṣuṃkita-<small>DAT.SG</small> walk.<small>MONODIR.IND.FUTINT-EXP-1SG.PATIENT.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = Tomorrow evening I'm going to/I plan to go to the nakṣuṃkita<ref>A small bar focussed on music performances.</ref> with my friend Kālomīyeh. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = halše dadrāltaṃte. | |||
| gloss = soon. do.<small>IND.FUTINT-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I'm going to do it [completely] soon. | |||
}} | |||
Note how the difference between the two future tenses is rendered in the English translations of the two following sentences: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = dhūltru eyiyāltaṃte. | |||
| gloss = article-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.FUTINT-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I'm going to read [this] article [in full]. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = dhūltru yæyiṣyaṃte. | |||
| gloss = article-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.FUT-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I'm going to start reading this article. ~ I will be reading this article. | |||
}} | |||
As the simple future does not have any aspectual connotation, the second sentence can be understood as having an inchoative meaning, but (less commonly, at least for semantically telic verbs) it could also be understood as progressive. A key - at least in absence of other elements that force a certain reading - in determining which one is the most common reading for the future simple is lexical aspect: telic verbs and punctual atelic verbs will be read as inchoative, while durative atelic verbs or states will be read as progressive. Compare the two sentences below, both in the future simple: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = dvārma lišviṣya. | |||
| gloss = room.<small>DIR.SG</small>. wipe.<small>IND.FUT-EXP-3SG.PATIENT.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = They're going to start cleaning the room. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = luvāyom peithiṣyara. | |||
| gloss = market-<small>DAT.SG</small>. walk.<small>MULTIDIR.IND.FUT-EXP-1DU.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = We will be walking to the market. | |||
}} | |||
Note how ''peithake'', the multidirectional verb of the "to walk" pair, is considered atelic here; in fact, its telic reading is forced by using the monodirectional counterpart ''lulke'': | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = luvāyom luniṣyara. | |||
| gloss = market-<small>DAT.SG</small>. walk.<small>MONODIR.IND.FUT-EXP-1DU.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = We will leave for the market on foot. | |||
}} | |||
When stating events expected to happen, the focus is typically on the completion of the expected event, so that the future intentional is used: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = hilyamāmų galtargis māmei railų sām tailīsālta. | |||
| gloss = Hilyamāmah-<small>ABL.SG</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. twelve. minute-<small>ABL.SG</small>. until. arrive.<small>IND.FUTINT-EXP-3SG.PATIENT.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = The train from Hilyamāmah is expected to arrive in twelve minutes. | |||
}} | |||
In some cases where the expectation is for the start of an event, while the most correct form is the simple future, both are actually possible - weather verbs are the most typical examples: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = daša sturiṣya. | |||
| gloss = rain.<small>DIR.SG</small>. fall.<small>IND.FUT-EXP-3SG.PATIENT.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = Rain will [start to] fall/Rain is expected to fall. <small>OR:</small> It will be raining. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = daša usturālta. | |||
| gloss = rain.<small>DIR.SG</small>. fall.<small>IND.FUT-EXP-3SG.PATIENT.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = Rain will fall/Rain is expected to fall. | |||
}} | |||
The future intentional is also the generally used form for events in the near future that will happen because of a set plan, including duties: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = pūnūmu menire acaṃkrālisaṃte. | |||
| gloss = task-<small>ACC.SG</small>. tomorrow. be_limited.<small>IND.FUTINT-EXP-CAUS-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I am to finish my task tomorrow. <small>(duty)</small> | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = kauchlærīn ~birṣų ānat kāmilire lairē~ ga naviṣyų vaḍaih biseyiyāltate. | |||
| gloss = teacher.<small>DIR.SG</small>. (title) <small>ADP</small>. book-<small>ABL.SG</small>. part-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read_out_loud.<small>IND.FUTINT-EXP-3.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = The teacher is to read some parts of "The Blue Sky After the Storm". <small>(plan)</small> | |||
}} | |||
Atelic verbs, however, still use the simple future for duties and set plans; as the second example shows, arguments that provide an end point do not change the inherent atelicity of the verb, leaving it in the future simple. | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = keike peithiṣyam. | |||
| gloss = courtyard.<small>LOC.SG</small>. walk.<small>MULTIDIR.IND.FUT-EXP-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = I will keep walking in the courtyard. ~ I am to walk around in the courtyard. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = primęlirēti sām keike peithiṣyam. | |||
| gloss = return.<small>SUBJ.PERF-EXP-2SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. until. courtyard.<small>LOC.SG</small>. walk.<small>MULTIDIR.IND.FUT-EXP-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = I will keep walking in the courtyard until you['ll have] come back. | |||
}} | |||
====Tense-aspectual modifiers==== | ====Tense-aspectual modifiers==== | ||
Some adverbial particles are used together with certain morphological tenses in order to express a certain tense or aspect. Most of these forms can also be expressed by using auxiliary verbs. | Some adverbial particles are used together with certain morphological tenses in order to express a certain tense or aspect. Most of these forms can also be expressed by using auxiliary verbs. | ||