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User:IlL/Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
**The ''y-'' prefix is not used when the verb is negated: ''nėx yxėþøb'' 'I write', ''nėx lė xėþøb'' 'I don't write'.
**The ''y-'' prefix is not used when the verb is negated: ''nėx yxėdøb'' 'I write', ''nėx lė xėdøb'' 'I don't write'.
*Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem, via analogy
*Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem, via analogy
*Imperative
*Imperative
**The imperative is negated with ''alt'': ''Xøþøb!'' 'write!', ''Alt xøþøb!'' 'don't write!'
**The imperative is negated with ''alt'': ''Xødøb!'' 'write!', ''Alt xødøb!'' 'don't write!'
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
*Infinitive
*Infinitive
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The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
===Binyanim===
===Binyanim===
Modern Togarmite inherits all 7 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''þy-'' of Binyan 6 (''þyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however, so some analyze Binyan 6 as a result of ''þy-'' added to ''faȝel'' verbs, rather than as a binyan in its own right.
Modern Togarmite inherits all 7 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''dy-'' of Binyan 6 (''dyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however, so some analyze Binyan 6 as a result of ''dy-'' added to ''faȝel'' verbs, rather than as a binyan in its own right.
====Binyan 1: ''føȝøl''====
====Binyan 1: ''føȝøl''====
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''xøþøb'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''tøȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''xøþøb'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''tøȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''xøþøb'' 'write'
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''xødøb'' 'write'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yxþøb''
| ''nėx yxdøb''
| ''aþ/eþ yxþøb''
| ''ad/ed yxdøb''
| ''hu/hi xþøb''
| ''hu/hi xdøb''
| ''nan xþøb''
| ''nan xdøb''
| ''aþøm xþøb''
| ''adøm xdøb''
| ''høm xþøb''
| ''høm xdøb''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyxþab''
| ''fidi wyxdab''
| ''fit wyxþab''
| ''fid wyxdab''
| ''fė wyxþab''
| ''fė wyxdab''
| ''finė wyxþab''
| ''finė wyxdab''
| ''fitøm wyxþab''
| ''fidøm wyxdab''
| ''fu wyxþab''
| ''fu wyxdab''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx yxėþøb''
| ''nėx yxėdøb''
| ''aþ/eþ yxėþøb''
| ''ad/ed yxėdøb''
| ''hu/hi xėþøb''
| ''hu/hi xėdøb''
| ''nan xėþøb''
| ''nan xėdøb''
| ''aþøm xėþøb''
| ''adøm xėdøb''
| ''høm xėþøb''
| ''høm xėdøb''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wyxþab''
| ''nėx še wyxdab''
| ''aþ/eþ še wyxþab''
| ''ad/ed še wyxdab''
| ''hu/hi še wyxþab''
| ''hu/hi še wyxdab''
| ''nan še wyxþab''
| ''nan še wyxdab''
| ''aþøm šu wyxþab''
| ''adøm šu wyxdab''
| ''høm šu wyxþab''
| ''høm šu wyxdab''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yxþøban''
| ''nėx yxdøban''
| ''aþ/eþ yxþøban''
| ''ad/ed yxdøban''
| ''hu/hi xþøban''
| ''hu/hi xdøban''
| ''nan xþøban''
| ''nan xdøban''
| ''aþøm xþøbun''
| ''adøm xdøban''
| ''høm xþøbun''
| ''høm xdøban''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe xþėb''
| ''ėbe xdėb''
| ''tėbe xþėb''
| ''tėbe xdėb''
| ''jėbe xþėb''
| ''jėbe xdėb''
| ''nėbe xþėb''
| ''nėbe xdėb''
| ''tėbu xþėb''
| ''tėbu xdėb''
| ''jėbu xþėb''
| ''jėbu xdėb''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li myxþub''
| ''li myxdub''
| ''lax/lex myxþub''
| ''lax/lex myxdub''
| ''lau/la myxþub''
| ''lau/la myxdub''
| ''lanė myxþub''
| ''lanė myxdub''
| ''laxøm myxþub''
| ''laxøm myxdub''
| ''laum myxþub''
| ''laum myxdub''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''xøþøb!''
|colspan=6| ''xødøb!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''xėþeb''
|colspan=6| ''xėdeb''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''myxþub''
|colspan=6| ''myxdub''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyxþab''
|colspan=6| ''wyxdab''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''xþėb''
|colspan=6| ''xdėb''
|}
|}


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! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ysaxen''
| ''nėx ysaxen''
| ''aþ/eþ ysaxen''
| ''ad/ed ysaxen''
| ''hu/hi saxen''
| ''hu/hi saxen''
| ''nan saxen''
| ''nan saxen''
| ''aþøm saxen''
| ''adøm saxen''
| ''høm saxen''
| ''høm saxen''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wysaxen''
| ''fidi wysaxen''
| ''fit wysaxen''
| ''fid wysaxen''
| ''fė wysaxen''
| ''fė wysaxen''
| ''finė wysaxen''
| ''finė wysaxen''
| ''fitøm wysaxen''
| ''fidøm wysaxen''
| ''fu wysaxen''
| ''fu wysaxen''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ysxėxen''
| ''nėx ysxėxen''
| ''aþ/eþ ysxėxen''
| ''ad/ed ysxėxen''
| ''hu/hi sxėxen''
| ''hu/hi sxėxen''
| ''nan sxėxen''
| ''nan sxėxen''
| ''aþøm sxėxen''
| ''adøm sxėxen''
| ''høm sxėxen''
| ''høm sxėxen''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wysaxen''
| ''nėx še wysaxen''
| ''aþ/eþ še wysaxen''
| ''ad/ed še wysaxen''
| ''hu/hi še wysaxen''
| ''hu/hi še wysaxen''
| ''nan še wysaxen''
| ''nan še wysaxen''
| ''aþøm šu wysaxen''
| ''adøm šu wysaxen''
| ''høm šu wysaxen''
| ''høm šu wysaxen''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''ani ysaxenan''
| ''ani ysaxenan''
| ''aþ/eþ ysaxenan''
| ''ad/ed ysaxenan''
| ''hu/hi saxenan''
| ''hu/hi saxenan''
| ''nan saxenan''
| ''nan saxenan''
| ''aþøm saxenun''
| ''adøm saxenan''
| ''høm saxenun''
| ''høm saxenan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
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! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ažxer''
| ''nėx ažxer''
| ''aþ/eþ ažxer''
| ''ad/ed ažxer''
| ''hu/hi ažxer''
| ''hu/hi ažxer''
| ''nan ažxer''
| ''nan ažxer''
| ''aþøm ažxer''
| ''adøm ažxer''
| ''høm ažxer''
| ''høm ažxer''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wažxer''
| ''fidi wažxer''
| ''fit wažxer''
| ''fid wažxer''
| ''fė wažxer''
| ''fė wažxer''
| ''finė wažxer''
| ''finė wažxer''
| ''fitøm wažxer''
| ''fidøm wažxer''
| ''fu wažxer''
| ''fu wažxer''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ažėxer''
| ''nėx ažėxer''
| ''aþ/eþ ažėxer''
| ''ad/ed ažėxer''
| ''hu/hi ažėxer''
| ''hu/hi ažėxer''
| ''nan ažėxer''
| ''nan ažėxer''
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! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wažxer''
| ''nėx še wažxer''
| ''aþ/eþ še wažxer''
| ''ad/ed še wažxer''
| ''hu/hi še wažxer''
| ''hu/hi še wažxer''
| ''nan še wažxer''
| ''nan še wažxer''
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! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ažxeran''
| ''nėx ažxeran''
| ''aþ/eþ ažxeran''
| ''ad/ed ažxeran''
| ''hu/hi ažxeran''
| ''hu/hi ažxeran''
| ''nan ažxeran''
| ''nan ažxeran''
| ''aþøm ažxerun''
| ''aþøm ažxeran''
| ''høm ažxerun''
| ''høm ažxeran''
|-
|-
! future
! future
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====Binyan 4: ''yftyȝel''====
====Binyan 4: ''yftyȝel''====
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan ''hitpa33el'' and Arabic ''ifta3ala''. It is characterized by the þ- prefix that comes from the *t infix.
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan ''hitpa33el'' and Arabic ''ifta3ala''. It is characterized by the t- prefix that comes from the *t infix.


Meanings:
Meanings:
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*reciprocal
*reciprocal


The prefix ''þ'' metathesizes with C1 when
The prefix ''t'' metathesizes with C1 when
*C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: ''þf þx þs þš þh þz þž þȝ'' > ''ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd''
*C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: ''tf tx ts tš th tz tž tȝ'' > ''ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd''
*C1 = d t þ: ''þd þt þþ'' > ''d t þ''
*C1 = d t þ: ''td tt tþ'' > ''d t þ''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''hyþlymed'' 'find one's way around'
|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''hytlymed'' 'find one's way around'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yþlymed''
| ''nėx ytlymed''
| ''aþ/eþ yþlymed''
| ''ad/ed ytlymed''
| ''hu/hi þlymed''
| ''hu/hi tlymed''
| ''nan þlymed''
| ''nan tlymed''
| ''aþøm þlymed''
| ''adøm tlymed''
| ''høm þlymed''
| ''høm tlymed''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyþlymed''
| ''fidi wytlymed''
| ''fit wyþlymed''
| ''fid wytlymed''
| ''fė wyþlymed''
| ''fė wytlymed''
| ''finė wyþlymed''
| ''finė wytlymed''
| ''fitøm wyþlymed''
| ''fidøm wytlymed''
| ''fu wyþlymed''
| ''fu wytlymed''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx yþlėmed''
| ''nėx ytlėmed''
| ''aþ/eþ yþlėmed''
| ''ad/ed ytlėmed''
| ''hu/hi þlėmed''
| ''hu/hi tlėmed''
| ''nan þlėmed''
| ''nan tlėmed''
| ''aþøm þlėmed''
| ''adøm tlėmed''
| ''høm þlėmed''
| ''høm tlėmed''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wyþlymed''
| ''nėx še wytlymed''
| ''aþ/eþ še wyþlymed''
| ''ad/ed še wytlymed''
| ''hu/hi še wyþlymed''
| ''hu/hi še wytlymed''
| ''nan še wyþlymed''
| ''nan še wytlymed''
| ''aþøm šu wyþlymed''
| ''adøm šu wytlymed''
| ''høm šu wyþlymed''
| ''høm šu wytlymed''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yþlymedan''
| ''nėx ytlymedan''
| ''aþ/eþ yþlymedan''
| ''ad/ed ytlymedan''
| ''hu/hi þlymedan''
| ''hu/hi tlymedan''
| ''nan þlymedan''
| ''nan tlymedan''
| ''aþøm þlymedun''
| ''adøm tlymedun''
| ''høm þlymedun''
| ''høm tlymedun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe hyþlymud''
| ''ėbe hytlymud''
| ''tėbe hyþlymud''
| ''tėbe hytlymud''
| ''jėbe hyþlymud''
| ''jėbe hytlymud''
| ''nėbe hyþlymud''
| ''nėbe hytlymud''
| ''tėbu hyþlymud''
| ''tėbu hytlymud''
| ''jėbu hyþlymud''
| ''jėbu hytlymud''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li møþlymad''
| ''li møtlymad''
| ''lax/lex møþlymad''
| ''lax/lex møtlymad''
| ''lau/la møþlymad''
| ''lau/la møtlymad''
| ''lanė møþlymad''
| ''lanė møtlymad''
| ''laxøm møþlymad''
| ''laxøm møtlymad''
| ''laum møþlymad''
| ''laum møtlymad''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''yþlymed!''
|colspan=6|''ytlymed!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møþlymed''
|colspan=6| ''møtlymed''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møþlymad''
|colspan=6| ''møtlymad''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyþlymėd''
|colspan=6| ''wytlymėd''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''hyþlymud''
|colspan=6| ''hytlymud''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''eþygdel'' 'grow up'
|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''edygtel'' 'grow up'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 631: Line 631:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx eþygdel''
| ''nėx edygtel''
| ''aþ/eþ eþygdel''
| ''ad/ed edygtel''
| ''hu/hi eþygdel''
| ''hu/hi edygtel''
| ''nan eþygdel''
| ''nan edygtel''
| ''aþøm eþygdelu''
| ''adøm edygtel''
| ''høm eþygdelu''
| ''høm edygtel''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti weþygdel''
| ''fidi wedygtel''
| ''fit weþygdel''
| ''fid wetygtel''
| ''fė weþygdel''
| ''fė wetygtel''
| ''finė weþygdel''
| ''finė wetygtel''
| ''fitøm weþygdel''
| ''fidøm wetygtel''
| ''fu waþygdel''
| ''fu wedygtel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx eþygėdel''
| ''nėx eþygėtel''
| ''aþ/eþ eþygėdel''
| ''ad/ed edygėtel''
| ''hu/hi eþygėdel''
| ''hu/hi edygėtel''
| ''nan eþygėdel''
| ''nan edygėtel''
| ''aþøm eþygėdelu''
| ''adøm edygėtelu''
| ''høm eþygėdelu''
| ''høm edygėtelu''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še weþygdel''
| ''nėx še weþygdel''
| ''aþ/eþ še weþygdel''
| ''ad/ed še weþygdel''
| ''hu/hi še weþygdel''
| ''hu/hi še weþygdel''
| ''nan še weþygdel''
| ''nan še weþygdel''
| ''aþøm šu weþygdel''
| ''adøm šu weþygdel''
| ''høm šu weþygdel''
| ''høm šu weþygdel''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx eþygdelan''
| ''nėx eþygdelan''
| ''aþ/eþ eþygdelan''
| ''ad/ed eþygdelan''
| ''hu/hi eþygdelan''
| ''hu/hi eþygdelan''
| ''nan eþygdelan''
| ''nan eþygdelan''
| ''aþøm eþygdelun''
| ''adøm eþygdelun''
| ''høm eþygdelun''
| ''høm eþygdelun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe heþygdul''
| ''ėbe hedygtul''
| ''tėbe heþygdul''
| ''tėbe hedygtul''
| ''jėbe heþygdul''
| ''jėbe hedygtul''
| ''nėbe heþygdul''
| ''nėbe hedygtul''
| ''tėbu heþygdul''
| ''tėbu hedygtul''
| ''jėbu heþygdul''
| ''jėbu hedygtul''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li meþygdal''
| ''li medygtal''
| ''lax/lex meþygdal''
| ''lax/lex medygtal''
| ''lau/la meþygdal''
| ''lau/la medygtal''
| ''lanė meþygdal''
| ''lanė medygtal''
| ''laxøm meþygdal''
| ''laxøm medygtal''
| ''laum meþygdal''
| ''laum medygtal''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
|colspan=6| ''hedygtel!''
| ''heþygdel!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heþygdelu!''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
Line 707: Line 702:
|}
|}


====Binyan 6: ''þyfaȝel''====
====Binyan 6: ''dyfaȝel''====
This binyan comes from the tD-stem (t- with geminate stem) and corresponds directly to the Arabic binyan ''tafa33ala''.
This binyan comes from the tD-stem (t- with geminate stem) and corresponds directly to the Arabic binyan ''tafa33ala''.


Line 713: Line 708:
*reciprocal or back-and-forth action
*reciprocal or back-and-forth action
*reaction/back, re-: the most productive modern meaning
*reaction/back, re-: the most productive modern meaning
**''þy'awer'' 'to reflect', from ''aur'' 'light'
**''dy'awer'' 'to reflect', from ''aur'' 'light'
**''þyparkes'' 'to react', from ''parkis'' 'action'
**''dyparkes'' 'to react', from ''parkis'' 'action'
**''þysalem'' 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
**''dysalem'' 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
**''þyȝanė'' 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
**''dyȝanė'' 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
*unpredictable change in meaning
*unpredictable change in meaning


The resemblance of this binyan to the very common ''faȝel'' binyan has led to the ''þy-'' prefix becoming productive, with some semantic overlap with the prefix ''re-'' in English.
The resemblance of this binyan to the very common ''faȝel'' binyan has led to the ''dy-'' prefix becoming productive, with some semantic overlap with the prefix ''re-'' in English.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 6 conjugation: ''þydares'' 'teach'
|+ Binyan 6 conjugation: ''dytares'' 'teach'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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