Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions

|extinct = 220 v.K.

Themsaran is my first constructed language, for my conworld of Hheergrem. It is intended to be a head-initial, head-marking language with a plausible development from an erstwhile dependent-/double-marking language. The grammar, syntax and morphology has been heavily influenced by Semitic and Celtic languages, with some drawing from Japanese. Aesthetically it has hints of [[w:Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[w:Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[w:Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang Korean]]. The main departure from Semitic grammar is that the language has been augmented with new features such as strict head-marking inflection utilizing two types of switch-reference on verbs, the applicative voice and borderline polysynthesis. So I guess it ends up a tad more like some Native American languages. Other purposes of my language include mixing in un-English verb syntax, such as the use of optatives  in subordinate clauses, and using principally non-finite subordinate clauses in the indicative.

The '''Themsaran''' (/ˈθɛmsɑɹən/) '''language''' (Themsaran: ''gávthȁ themsármā'' [gáʊ̯fθàː θè̞msármàː] "the Themsaran mouth") was traditionally classified into a [[Talsmic languages|separate subbranch]] of the [[Zachydic languages|Zachydic]] language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages which are/were natively spoken in the island of Tálsèm off the northeastern coast of the Zachydi subcontinent. (Since then, Talsmic's [[Raxo-Talsmic languages|close ties]] to Ractamic languages, such as Raxic, has gained widespread recognition.) Due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence, Themsaran was a typological and lexical outlier in its family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax. It also notably employs a combination of tone changes and affixes to convey grammatical information. The language possesses mixed fusional and agglutinative inflection, and nominative-accusative morphosyntax (mostly). The name of the language comes from the Themsár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the island. This elevated language existed in a state of diglossia with the diverse and often mutually unintelligible vernacular "dialects". Classical Themsaran was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.K., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the island and surrounding mainland areas.

| '''k''' /k/

Nouns and adjectives have a rich morphology, albeit less ornate than verbs. They inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction, realized tonally, between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor.

Definite forms are used as the vocative. Definiteness is used more often than in English, but less than in continental European languages. Names of deities or deifications are primarily indefinite, but take definite agreement.

The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns. Nouns ending in a consonant may contain an epenthetic ''e'' to break up a forbidden consonant clusters, particularly those ending in resonants. The ''ħ''-stem nouns always end in ''-ā'', and this mutates to ''-aħ-'' before a ending beginning with a vowel, and exhibits the form ''-aC-'' before an ending beginning with any consonant. The ''h''-stems have a long vowel ending by default, which shortens in front of a consonant ending, along with gemination of any fricative-onset endings. The ı-stem nouns, ending in ''-i'', display the ''-i'' before a possessive suffix beginning with a consonant, and a ''-ı'' before one beginning with a vowel. Geminate stems end in a long vowel plus a final consonant in their base forms, which changes to a short vowel + geminate.

|colspan="2"|''-ken''

|colspan="2"|''-ūken''

|colspan="2"|''-kvi''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkvi''

|colspan="2"|''-ku''

|colspan="2"|''-ūku''

|colspan="2"|''-ki''

|colspan="2"|''-ūki''

|colspan="2"|''-kŧu''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkŧu''

|colspan="2"|''-kŧi''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkŧi''

|colspan="2"|''-kth''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkth''

|colspan="2"|''-kam''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkam''

|colspan="2"|''-kent''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkent''

|colspan="2"|''-klys''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkys''

|colspan="2"|''-kyth''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkyth''

|colspan="2"|''-kech''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkech''

|colspan="2"|''-ker''

|colspan="2"|''-ūker''

|colspan="2"|''-kŧech''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkŧu''

|colspan="2"|''-kŧer''

|colspan="2"|''-ūkŧi''

|colspan="2"|''-aken''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋkan''

|colspan="2"|''-akve''

|colspan="2"|''-aku''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋku''

|colspan="2"|''-aki''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋki''

|colspan="2"|''-akŧu''

|colspan="2"|''-akŧi''

|colspan="2"|''-akth''

|colspan="2"|''-akam''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋkam''

|colspan="2"|''-akent''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋkent''

|colspan="2"|''-akys''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋkys''

|colspan="2"|''-akyth''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋkyth''

|colspan="2"|''-akech''

|colspan="2"|''-aker''

|colspan="2"|''-āŋker''

|colspan="2"|''-akŧech''

|colspan="2"|''-akŧer''

#''kanǔar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except as required by downstep rules or in the presence of the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes.

#''the̋nák'' ('standing'): Every suffix, except for conjunct possessive suffixes, bear the downstep.

#''gánħāŋém'' ('skipping/tumbling'): The downstep is one mora before the boundary of the suffix in the base form, and moves to the desinence upon inflection by a definite suffix.

The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. On the other hand, the indefinite base endings diachronically stem from the genitive case (from its partitive meaning and frequency in prepositional phrases); the redicative adjective endings as well as most forms where possessive suffixes are attached, come from the nominative. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐežȁm''/''minâm''/''krúamâm'' (< *''nējĵȁ-mī'' etc., instead of the expected ''*nǐežètem'' < **''nējĵet-mī'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", ''nǐežȁŧ'' ("that day"), ''krúamâ/ra̋zȁ/ħíŋšȁ/minâ'' "in the morning/at daytime/at dusk/at night") and adverbial expressions.

Attributive adjectives agree in number, definiteness, gender and possessedness with their heads. Adjectival declension disagrees with nouns in that absolute possessive form of adjectives modifies the conjunct possessive of nouns. Predicate adjectives are declined differently. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns.  

|''-thál'' (''k'')

|''-érs'' (''k'')

|''-őf'' (''k'')

The adverbial suffix is ''-ar'', and it can mean "[adjective]ly", or "like a [noun]" (latter meaning is less productive).

When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun and adjective modified take the indefinite form if unpossessed, and the definite form if possessed.

The reflexive pronoun is ''ktên'', identical to the gender and number of the subject.

The reciprocal pronoun, "each other", is ''nadnék''. It originated from an adverb that was later reanalyzed as a pronoun.

|''mérkár'' (human); ''mérsát'' (nonhuman)

!|Quality (what kind of)

|''ıért'' (declined like ''ímé'')

|''rőkšȉl''

|''mérrâk''

|''ıêr;'' ''díeŋkúl''

|''rőkšȉl''

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The difference between the two words for 'here' is that of clusivity: ''mách'' means "where I am/we(exc) are or pointing" whereas ''dátè'' means "where we(inc) are".

In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''klûdil mé'': "this humble subject", ''áchèr ħé/tīné ħî/slǐerè ħî'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''dírmár/íra̋them ħé/a̋thmȉd ħî'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques instead of 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)

Verbs have elaborate but quite regular inflection. Finite verbs are marked for TAM, mirativity, voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative and the prohibitive. For example: ''Nés{{blue|ài}} zâr'' (kill-ACT.PRES.1SG cat.SG.INDEF 'I kill a cat') against ''Nes{{blue|āıú}} zárrȅ'' (kill-ACT.PRES.1SG{{blue|>3SG.M}} cat-SG.DEF 'I kill the cat'). The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Object agreement is often omitted in poetry. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses.

|phrase = mizecheklēzittnévrīn

|IPA=/mìzexekleːzitːnevꜜriːn/

|morphemes = mi-<abbr title="reduplicant">RDPL[zek]</abbr>-he-klēz-iħ-tn-évrīn

The present is used for events that take/are taking place in the present time, or for gnomic statemnets.

* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker (''Hám skőtîr!'' "Don't walk!");

* imperatives in indirect speech, with the complementizer ''ne'' (''Kýlês ne stumî.'' "He ordered me to go back.");

{{Gloss|phrase = {{blue|gél}}ga̋lis!|IPA=/gélgaːꜜlis/|morphemes = {{blue|RDPL}}-ga̋lìs |gloss = {{blue|MIR}}-sing-PRES.3SG.F  |translation = (Hey, look,) she's singing!}}

The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive or involuntary/spontaneous actions with active intransitives, (''skőtvìti machıâist'' "my legs walk by themselves, without my control") or change of state for statives. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs.

The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mólî'' - 'let me thank', with no thematic vowel, ''nesâi'' - 'let me slay/kill (animate subject)' with a thematic vowel ''a'', ''takvêi'' - 'let me know', with the thematic vowel ''e'' of variable length. (The citation form is the 1st person jussive). The first conjugation subsumes:  

|''mólè'''ns'''!''<br/>''nés'''àns'''!''<br/>''takv'''êns'''!''

|''mól!''<br/>''nés'''à'''!''<br/>''tákv'''è'''!''

|''mólè'''ls'''!''<br/>''nés'''àls'''!''<br/>''takv'''êls'''!''

|''mól'''t'''!''<br/>''nés'''àt'''!''<br/>''takv'''êt'''!''

|''mólè'''rs'''!''<br/>''nés'''àrs'''!''<br/>''takv'''êrs'''!''

|''mól'''ȉ'''''<br/>''nés'''ài'''''<br/>''tákv'''èi'''''

|''mól'''mà'''''<br/>''nés'''àma'''''<br/>''takv'''êma'''''

|''mólè'''nse'''''<br/>''nés'''ànse'''''<br/>''takv'''ênse'''''

|''mólè'''r'''''<br/>''nés'''àr'''''<br/>''tákv'''ȅr'''''

|''mólè'''lse'''''<br/>''nés'''àlse'''''<br/>''takv'''êlse'''''

|''mól'''ȅ'''''<br/>''nés'''ȁ'''''<br/>''tákv'''ìe'''''

|''mólè'''rse'''''<br/>''nés'''àrse'''''<br/>''takv'''êrse'''''

|''mól'''è'''''<br/>''nés'''à'''''<br/>''tákv'''ȅ'''''

|''mól'''vì'''''<br/>''nés'''àvi'''''<br/>''takv'''évi'''''

|''mól'''ìs'''''<br/>''nés'''àis'''''<br/>''tákv'''ìes'''''

|''mól'''tì'''''<br/>''nés'''àti'''''<br/>''takv'''éti'''''

|''mólé'''n'''''<br/>''nes'''án'''''<br/>''takv'''îen'''''

|''mól'''mì'''''<br/>''nés'''ámi'''''<br/>''takv'''émi'''''

|''mól'''tȁ'''''<br/>''nes'''átā'''''<br/>''takv'''étā'''''

|''mólé'''r'''''<br/>''nes'''ár'''''<br/>''takv'''îer'''''

|''mól'''slé'''''<br/>''nes'''aslé'''''<br/>''takv'''ēslé'''''

|''mól'''é'''''<br/>''nes'''a̋'''''<br/>''takv'''íe'''''

|rowspan=2|''mól'''sré'''''<br/>''nes'''asré'''''<br/>''takv'''ēsré'''''

|''mól'''és'''''<br/>''nes'''ás'''''<br/>''takv'''ês'''''

|''mól'''sàr'''''<br/>''nes'''ásar'''''<br/>''takv'''êsar'''''

|''mól'''stí'''''<br/>''nes'''astí'''''<br/>''takv'''ēstí'''''

|'''''hé'''mol'''êi'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''âi'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''îe'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''mi'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''ámi'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''émi'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''tā'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''átā'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''étā'''''

|'''''hé'''molé'''r'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''ár'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''êr'''''

|'''''hé'''mol'''slé'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''aslé'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''ēslé'''''

|'''''hé'''mol'''e̋'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''a̋'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''íe'''''

|rowspan=2|'''''hé'''mol'''sré'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''asré'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''ēsré'''''

|'''''hé'''móle'''n'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''án'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''ên'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''nar'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''ánar'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''énar'''''

|'''''hé'''mol'''stí'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''astí'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''ēstí'''''

*''g/k+h→ch''

|''mól'''chỳn'''''<br/>''nés'''àchyn'''''<br/>''takv'''échyn'''''

|''mól'''chỳm'''''<br/>''nés'''àchym'''''<br/>''takv'''êchym'''''

|''mól'''ènais'''''<br/>''nés'''ànais'''''<br/>''takv'''énais'''''

|''mól'''chỳr'''''<br/>''nes'''áchyr'''''<br/>''takv'''échyr'''''

|''mól'''èlais'''''<br/>''nés'''àlais'''''<br/>''takv'''élais'''''

|''mól'''chy̏'''''<br/>''nes'''áchy̏'''''<br/>''takv'''échy̏'''''

|''mól'''èrais'''''<br/>''nés'''àrais'''''<br/>''takv'''érais'''''

|''mól'''chỳ'''''<br/>''nés'''àchy'''''<br/>''takv'''échy'''''

|''mól'''chȅv'''''<br/>''nes'''áchēv'''''<br/>''takv'''échēv'''''

|''mól'''chỳs'''''<br/>''nés'''àchys'''''<br/>''takv'''échys'''''

|''mól'''chȅt'''''<br/>''nes'''áchēt'''''<br/>''takv'''échēt'''''

|''mól'''î'''''<br/>''nes'''âi'''''<br/>''takv'''êi'''''

|''mól'''émit'''''<br/>''nes'''ámit'''''<br/>''takv'''êmit'''''

|''mól'''édan'''''<br/>''nes'''ádan'''''<br/>''takv'''ědan'''''

|''mól'''îr'''''<br/>''nes'''âir'''''<br/>''takv'''êir'''''

|''mól'''èlt'''''<br/>''nés'''àlt'''''<br/>''takv'''êlt'''''

|''mól'''ît'''''<br/>''nes'''âit'''''<br/>''takv'''êit'''''

|''mól'''èrt'''''<br/>''nés'''àrt'''''<br/>''takv'''êrt'''''

|''mól'''ìm'''''<br/>''nes'''àim'''''<br/>''tákv'''èim'''''

|''mól'''ivá'''''<br/>''nes'''avá'''''<br/>''takv'''evá'''''

|''mól'''isá'''''<br/>''nes'''asá'''''<br/>''takv'''esá'''''

|''mól'''itá'''''<br/>''nes'''atá'''''<br/>''takv'''etá'''''

|''mól'''vàns'''!''<br/>''nes'''ávans'''!''<br/>''takv'''évans'''!''

|''mól'''vàr'''!''<br/>''nes'''ávar'''!''<br/>''takv'''évar'''!''

|''mól'''vàls'''!''<br/>''nes'''ávals'''!''<br/>''takv'''évals'''!''

|''mól'''vȁ'''!''<br/>''nes'''ávā'''!''<br/>''takv'''évā'''!''

|''mól'''vàrs'''!''<br/>''nes'''ávars'''!''<br/>''takv'''évars'''!''

||''mól'''ȉv'''''<br/>''nés'''ȁv'''''<br/>''tákv'''èiv'''''

|''mól'''mỳs'''''<br/>''nés'''àmỳs'''''<br/>''takv'''êmỳs'''''

|''mól'''nìv'''''<br/>''nes'''ániv'''''<br/>''tak'''éniv'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mólè'''rem'''''<br/>''nés'''àrem'''''<br/>''takv'''êrem'''''

|''mól'''lìv'''''<br/>''nes'''áliv'''''<br/>''takv'''éliv'''''

|''mól'''rìv'''''<br/>''nes'''áriv'''''<br/>''takv'''ériv'''''

|''mól'''èv'''''<br/>''nés'''àv'''''<br/>''tákv'''ȅv'''''

|''mól'''vìni'''''<br/>''nes'''ávini'''''<br/>''takv'''évini'''''

|''mól'''vèr'''''<br/>''nés'''àver'''''<br/>''takv'''éver'''''

|''mól'''vìti'''''<br/>''nes'''áviti'''''<br/>''takv'''éviti'''''

|''mól'''dév'''''<br/>''nes'''adév'''''<br/>''takv'''ēdév'''''

|''mól'''dâm'''''<br/>''nes'''adâm'''''<br/>''takv'''ēdâm'''''

|''mól'''tām'''''<br/>''nes'''átām'''''<br/>''takv'''étām'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''dém'''''<br/>''nes'''adém'''''<br/>''takv'''ēdém'''''

|''mól'''vaslé'''''<br/>''nes'''avaslé'''''<br/>''takv'''evaslé'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''vasré'''''<br/>''nes'''avasré'''''<br/>''takv'''evasré'''''

|''mól'''vas'''''<br/>''nes'''ávas'''''<br/>''takv'''évas'''''

|''mól'''vasar'''''<br/>''nes'''ávasar'''''<br/>''takv'''évasar'''''

|''mól'''vastí'''''<br/>''nes'''avastí'''''<br/>''takv'''evastí'''''

|'''''hé'''mol'''êiv'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''âiv'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''îev'''''

|'''''hé'''mol'''dâm'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''adâm'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''ēdâm'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''tām'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''atām'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''étām'''''

|rowspan="2"|'''''hé'''mól'''vem'''''<br/>'''''he'''nés'''avem'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''évem'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''liv'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''áliv'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''éliv'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''riv'''''<br/>'''''he'''nes'''áriv'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''ériv'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''ev'''''<br/>'''''he'''nés'''av'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''êv'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''vini'''''<br/>'''''he'''''nes'''ávini'''''<br/>'''''he'''''takv'''évini'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''ver'''''<br/>'''''he'''nés'''aver'''''<br/>'''''he'''takv'''éver'''''

|'''''hé'''mól'''viti'''''<br/>'''''he'''''nes'''áviti'''''<br/>'''''he'''''takv'''éviti'''''

|''mól'''ínīv'''''<br/>''nes'''ainīv'''''<br/>''takv'''ienīv'''''

|''mól'''ímmys'''''<br/>''nes'''ámmys'''''<br/>''takv'''îemmys'''''

|''mól'''ínith'''''<br/>''nes'''âinith'''''<br/>''takv'''îenith'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''ínēm'''''<br/>''nes'''âinēm'''''<br/>''takv'''îenēm'''''

|''mól'''ílith'''''<br/>''nes'''âilith'''''<br/>''takv'''îelith'''''

|''mól'''írith'''''<br/>''nes'''âirith'''''<br/>''takv'''îerith'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''ísū'''<br/>''nes'''ǎisū'''<br/>''takv'''ǐesū'''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''ísħū'''<br/>''nes'''ǎisħū'''<br/>''takv'''ǐesħū'''

|''mól'''îv'''''<br/>''nes'''âiv'''''<br/>''takv'''êiv'''''

|''mól'''chŷ'''''<br/>''nes'''achŷ'''''<br/>''takv'''ēchŷ'''''

|''mól'''vàdan'''''<br/>''nes'''ávadan'''''<br/>''takv'''évadan'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''vém'''''<br/>''nes'''avém'''''<br/>''takv'''ēvém'''''

|''mól'''vàlt'''''<br/>''nes'''ávalt'''''<br/>''takv'''évalt'''''

|''mól'''vàrt'''''<br/>''nes'''ávart'''''<br/>''takv'''évart'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''émth'''''<br/>''nes'''ámth'''''<br/>''takv'''êmth'''''

|rowspan="2"|''mól'''vaħá'''''<br/>''nes'''avaħá'''''<br/>''takv'''ēvaħá'''''

Prepositions in Themsaran are inflected with pronominal enclitics. If the resulting combination is monosyllabic the syllable takes ´ or ˆ as the accent. If disyllabic (unless 1s, 3mp and 3fp) the second takes the ´ accent.

* ''had'' 'like'

* ''pram'' 'unlike'

* ''vórêl'' 'for, for sake of'

!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''nai'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'with, by means of''''

!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''gle, gl'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'from' (ablative, partitive, substance)'''

|''kêm''

|''ke̋mtèr''

|''kêmslè''

|''ke̋míež''

|19/K₂₀

|380/K0₂₀

The numeral is a noun that takes the definiteness inflection on behalf of the noun phrase (as a corollary, with a demonstrative the numeral is "indefinite" as well), whilst the noun is in the form "unmarked" in definiteness (indefinite for unpossessed, definite for possessed). 'Two' has a special definite form, ''títhîe''.

Themsaran focusing fronts the whole noun phrase (prepositions and all), unlike topicalization in which the topic is appositional and is expressed with a prepositional pronoun in the clause. If the focus is the subject fronting with no pronoun is used. Focusing may alternatively employ a type of cleft construction, with fronting of the focused noun phrase, by using the inverse verbal or prepositional object corresponding to the role of the focus in the sentence. The cleft construction is the one used when the focus is the direct object.

The copula ''[[Themsaran/va̋kî|va̋kî]]'' is rarely used in the present indicative in full (not relative) clauses. Instead, an equational sentence begins with the subject, and a 3rd- or a 4th-person pronoun (cliticized and therefore toneless) agreeing with the subject may be used anywhere in the sentence, or omitted (as is often the case, as the predicate adjectives and the end of each noun phrase are quite transparent). The uncliticized pronoun is used when the subject is pronominal or when the copular pronoun is used at the end of a clause.

''ar'': if (situational; P will result in Q); if the condition takes place in a future time, then use future

Themsaran uses chiefly finite complement clauses, unlike for other types of subordinate clauses. Using a non-finite complement clause entails using the verb ''va̋kî'' with a participle. This expresses a strong conviction that the complement clause is true.

There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to.

Themsaran has so-called "inverse" verbal affixes that force a particular, marked order of the sentence, rather like the Austronesian trigger system. This marker serves simultaneously to trigger a more focused meaning on the more fronted constituent.

The 3rd person, or proximate, object marks foreground or central referents, usually the first one or the most animate/possessing one mentioned soon after it. while the 4th person, or obviative, object refers to background or peripheral referents. The third person and the fourth person combine as 3+4=3, and when parts of a proximate plural is taken out, the first noun phrase to be taken out is the new 3rd person.

|phrase = Hezūŋasré Kolnosimáttmē ie Ŋirchâ né ıégléch ħēdāthénne, mežî ramlēsré né žlómalkámth kanílsnuhu skőtálg zîm teizár vo nassams{{blue|ŧû}}.

|IPA=/hèzuːŋasreꜜ kòlnosimattꜜmeː ìəŋirxaꜜa néjeglexꜜ ħèːdaːθenꜜne mèʒiꜜi ràmleːsreꜜ néʒlomalkamθꜜ kànilꜜsnuhu skóːtalgꜜ zíꜜim teizarꜜ vònassamst͡ʃuꜜu/

|morphemes = he-zūŋ-asré Kolnosimáttm-ē ie Ŋirch-â ne=ıégléch ħēdāth-énn-e, mežî raml-ēsré ne=žlómalk-ámth k<an>íls-nuh-Ø-u skőtálg zîm teizár vo=nassams-{{blue|ŧû}}

|gloss = IPFV-dispute-IPFV.3/4PL.M North.Wind-DEF.SG and Sun-DEF.SG COMPZ=which.one powerful-COMP-PRED.M.SG, then agree-PFV.3/4PL.M COMPZ=win.see-PASS.JUSS.3SG take.off<ACT.PTCP>-CAUS-ACT.PRES-3/4SG.M>DEF.SG.M/CONJ traveller first successfully DAT=clothing-{{blue|4SG.M>DEF.PL}}

Because the traveler (''skőtálg'') is an obviate referent, his clothes are referred to as ''nassams{{blue|ŧû}}'', with the fourth person possessor, not ''nassams{{blue|û}}'', which would be interpreted as "the North Wind's clothes".

Themsaran also, more succinctly, allows comparison by incorporating the adjective into the verb ''fkínêi'' 'surpass'. Unsurprisingly this construction is rather common for predicative comparisons:

|phrase = Giemofkíneich arbalgâst.

|morphemes = giem(o)-fkin-eich arbâlg-āst

:'''''skőtèv nárgìež glé chmásán det kazrê'''''

*''-ákše'' (''f'', ''k''): [noun]-manship, proper way of [verb]ing/being [adjective]

*''-álg-'' (''k''): semantic agent of [verb]

*''-áŋ-'' (plural, ''k''): associative plural  

*''-átte'' (''f'', ''k''): domain, place of [noun/adjective]

*''-ber'' (''m'', ''k''): resultative of [verb]

*''-dr-'' (''k''): -ful

*''[most often 1st infinitive]-ige'' (''f'' ''k''): nominalizer of [verb]

*''-índ-'' (''k''): diminutive  

*''-īd'' (''f'', ''2'', ''k''): abstract noun

*''kī(v)-'': -less; ''ki̋lafrapâth'': 'irresponsible'

*''-m-'' (''k''): originating from [noun/adjective]; ''fǒnèm'': 'marine'

*''-ms'' (''m'', ''k''): instrument noun; ''ežħams'': trophy, prize

*''-ŋ-'' (''k'') [noun]-like

*''-noš-'' (''k''): capable/worthy of patienthood, [verb]-able

*''-őf-'' (''k''): weaker pejorative, "just some"

*''-re'' (''f'', ''k'', less productive): patient/resultative

*''-se'' (''f'', ''k''): singulative

*''-tán'' (''f'', ''k'') "[noun] material"

*''-y̌the/y̋the'' (''f'', ''k''): state of being [adjective], most often used for mental states

*''-alkâi'': :see/depict as

:'''''kólèn''' (1st decl., high tone)''' + simáttem''' (accent paradigm ''k'') '''= kólnosimáttmē'''''

Compounds headed by the final noun are largely 'kind of noun' compounds (noun-noun/adj-noun), whereas more coordinative compounds will be right-branching, often of a noun-adjective form.

''Hebānnúvver gávthè mî ke̋mērâk.''/''Bānnúvver gávthè mî.''